Browse the Windows-to-Linux command library

dir→ls -la Expanded guide List directory contents Lists files and folders in the current (or specified) directory. Open expanded guide → cd→cd Expanded guide Change directory Navigates between directories. Same command name, but with important differences in path notation. Open expanded guide → copy→cp Expanded guide Copy files and folders Copies files or entire directory trees to another location. Open expanded guide → move→mv Expanded guide Move or rename files Moves files to a new location, or renames them. In Linux, renaming IS moving. Open expanded guide → del / erase→rm Expanded guide Delete files and folders Removes files or directories. Be very careful — Linux has no Recycle Bin by default. Open expanded guide → mkdir→mkdir Expanded guide Create new directories Creates one or more new directories. Same name, but with a useful extra flag. Open expanded guide → type→cat Expanded guide Display file contents Shows the contents of a text file in the terminal. Also used to combine files. Open expanded guide → ipconfig→ip addr show Expanded guide Show network configuration Displays IP addresses, network interfaces, and connection details. Open expanded guide → ping→ping Expanded guide Test network connectivity Sends ICMP echo requests to test if a host is reachable. Same name, but runs forever by default on Linux. Open expanded guide → tracert→traceroute Expanded guide Trace network route to host Shows each network hop between your machine and a destination, helping diagnose where connections slow down or fail. Open expanded guide → netstat→ss -tuln Expanded guide Show network connections Displays active network connections, listening ports, and socket statistics. Open expanded guide → chkdsk→fsck Expanded guide Check filesystem integrity Scans and repairs filesystem errors on a disk or partition. Open expanded guide → format→mkfs.ext4 Expanded guide Format a disk/partition Creates a new filesystem on a disk partition, erasing all existing data. Open expanded guide → diskpart / fdisk→fdisk / parted Expanded guide Manage disk partitions Creates, deletes, and modifies disk partitions. Use with extreme care. Open expanded guide → tasklist→ps aux Expanded guide List running processes Shows all currently running processes, like the Processes tab in Task Manager. Open expanded guide → taskkill→kill / killall Expanded guide Stop/terminate a process Ends a running process by its process ID (PID) or name. Open expanded guide → cls→clear Expanded guide Clear the terminal screen Clears all text from the terminal window. Open expanded guide → echo→echo Expanded guide Print text to terminal Displays a line of text. Also used in scripts for variable output. Open expanded guide → set→export / env Expanded guide View or set environment variables Lists or modifies environment variables available in the current session. Open expanded guide → find→find Expanded guide Search for files and directories Searches for files matching given criteria anywhere in the filesystem. Open expanded guide → findstr→grep Expanded guide Search text within files Searches for text patterns inside files. One of the most-used Linux commands. Open expanded guide → systeminfo→uname -a Expanded guide Display system information Shows OS version, hardware details, memory, and system configuration. Open expanded guide → shutdown→shutdown Expanded guide Shutdown or restart the system Powers off, reboots, or schedules a shutdown of the Linux system. Open expanded guide → whoami→whoami Expanded guide Show current username Displays the username of the currently logged-in user. Open expanded guide → runas→sudo Expanded guide Run command as administrator Executes a command with elevated privileges (as root/superuser). Open expanded guide → ren / rename→mv / rename Expanded guide Rename files Renames a file or batch-renames multiple files matching a pattern. Open expanded guide → attrib→chmod / chown Expanded guide Change file permissions/attributes Controls who can read, write, or execute a file. Linux uses a more powerful permission model than Windows. Open expanded guide → xcopy→rsync -av Expanded guide Advanced copy with sync & progress Copies directories with more control than cp — supports sync, progress display, resume, and remote copying. Open expanded guide → tree→tree Expanded guide Display directory tree Shows the directory structure as a visual tree. May need to be installed on Linux. Open expanded guide → pushd / popd→pushd / popd Expanded guide Save and restore directory location Saves your current directory to a stack so you can jump back to it later after navigating elsewhere. Open expanded guide → more→less Expanded guide Page through large files Displays large text files one screen at a time, allowing you to scroll up and down. Open expanded guide → nslookup→dig / nslookup Expanded guide Look up DNS records Queries DNS servers to resolve hostnames to IP addresses and inspect DNS records. Open expanded guide → ftp→scp / sftp Expanded guide Transfer files over network Transfers files between computers over a network. Linux has several options with different security levels. Open expanded guide → net use→mount / smbclient Expanded guide Connect to network shares Mounts a network share (Windows SMB/CIFS share or NFS) so you can access it like a local folder. Open expanded guide → netsh wlan show profiles→nmcli Expanded guide Manage Wi-Fi connections Lists, connects to, and manages wireless network profiles. Open expanded guide → winget install / choco install→apt install Expanded guide Install software packages Installs programs and tools from an online repository — like an App Store for the terminal. Open expanded guide → winget uninstall→apt remove / purge Expanded guide Uninstall software packages Removes installed packages from the system. Open expanded guide → Windows Update→apt update && apt upgrade Expanded guide Update the system and all software Downloads and installs updates for the OS and all installed packages. Open expanded guide → where→which / whereis Expanded guide Find where a command is installed Locates the full path of an executable command or program. Open expanded guide → services.msc / net start→systemctl Expanded guide Manage system services Starts, stops, restarts, and checks the status of background services (like Windows Services). Open expanded guide → eventvwr / Event Viewer→journalctl Expanded guide View system logs Reads logs from the systemd journal — the Linux equivalent of Windows Event Viewer. Open expanded guide → sc query→systemctl list-units Expanded guide List all services and their status Shows all installed services and whether they are running, stopped, or failed. Open expanded guide → net user→useradd / usermod Expanded guide Create and manage user accounts Adds new users, changes user properties, and manages user accounts on the system. Open expanded guide → net localgroup→groupadd / groups Expanded guide Manage user groups Creates groups, adds users to groups, and lists group memberships. Open expanded guide → net user username /passwordreq→passwd Expanded guide Change user passwords Sets or changes a user account password. Open expanded guide → sort→sort Expanded guide Sort lines of text Sorts the lines of a text file or input alphabetically, numerically, or by other criteria. Open expanded guide → fc→diff Expanded guide Compare two files Compares two files and shows the differences between them line by line. Open expanded guide → wc (word count — no Windows equiv)→wc Expanded guide Count words, lines, characters Counts lines, words, and characters in a file or piped input. Very useful in scripts. Open expanded guide → clip / clip.exe→xclip / xsel Expanded guide Copy output to clipboard Pipes command output directly into the clipboard so you can paste it elsewhere. Open expanded guide → msconfig / Task Scheduler→crontab -e Expanded guide Schedule recurring tasks Runs commands or scripts automatically on a schedule — like Windows Task Scheduler. Open expanded guide → msinfo32 / dxdiag→lshw / inxi Expanded guide Full hardware information Displays detailed hardware inventory — CPU, RAM, motherboard, GPU, and more. Open expanded guide → perfmon / Resource Monitor→vmstat / iostat Expanded guide Monitor system performance Shows real-time statistics on CPU, memory, disk I/O, and system activity. Open expanded guide → date /t & time /t→date Expanded guide Display or set date and time Shows the current date and time, or sets the system clock. Open expanded guide → doskey /history→history Expanded guide View command history Shows previously run commands. Linux keeps a much longer history than Windows. Open expanded guide → cmd /k (set title)→alias Expanded guide Create command shortcuts (aliases) Creates short nicknames for long commands. Add them to ~/.bashrc to make them permanent. Open expanded guide → start (open file/URL)→xdg-open Expanded guide Open files with default application Opens a file, folder, or URL with the appropriate default application — like double-clicking in the file manager. Open expanded guide → break→Ctrl+C Expanded guide Interrupt a running command Stops a currently running command or script. Ctrl+C sends SIGINT to the foreground process. Open expanded guide → pause→read -p Expanded guide Pause a script and wait for keypress Halts a script and waits for the user to press a key before continuing. Used frequently in batch files. Open expanded guide → rem / ::→# Expanded guide Add comments to scripts Adds human-readable comments to shell scripts that are ignored during execution. Open expanded guide → exit→exit Expanded guide Exit the shell or return an exit code Closes the current shell session or exits a script, optionally with a numeric return code. Open expanded guide → if→if [ condition ]; then ... fi Expanded guide Conditional branching in scripts Tests a condition and executes different code depending on whether it is true or false. Open expanded guide → for→for ... in ...; do ... done Expanded guide Loop over a list or range Repeats a block of commands for each item in a list, range, or set of files. Open expanded guide → while (goto loop)→while [ condition ]; do ... done Expanded guide Loop while a condition is true Repeatedly executes commands as long as a condition remains true. Open expanded guide → goto→functions / break / continue Expanded guide Control flow — replace GOTO with functions Bash has no GOTO. Use functions, break, continue, or restructure logic with loops and conditionals. Open expanded guide → shift→shift Expanded guide Shift script argument positions Shifts positional parameters ($1, $2...) left by one. Used to process command-line arguments in scripts. Open expanded guide → %errorlevel%→$? Expanded guide Check command success or failure exit code Reads the exit status of the last command. 0 means success; any non-zero value means failure. Open expanded guide → set /a (arithmetic)→$(( expression )) Expanded guide Perform arithmetic calculations Evaluates mathematical expressions in scripts or at the command line. Open expanded guide → title→echo -ne "\033]0;My Title\007" Expanded guide Set the terminal window title Changes the title text shown in the terminal emulator's title bar. Open expanded guide → path→echo $PATH / export PATH Expanded guide View or modify the command search path Shows or modifies the list of directories the shell searches when you type a command. Open expanded guide → rd / rmdir→rmdir / rm -r Expanded guide Remove directories Deletes empty directories (rmdir) or directories with all their contents (rm -r). Open expanded guide → copy con→cat > filename Expanded guide Create a file from keyboard input Lets you type content directly into a new file from the terminal, without opening an editor. Open expanded guide → verify / certutil -hashfile→sha256sum Expanded guide Verify file integrity with checksums Generates or checks checksums to verify that files have not been corrupted or tampered with. Open expanded guide → mklink→ln -s Expanded guide Create symbolic and hard links Creates symbolic links (shortcuts) or hard links pointing to files or directories. Open expanded guide → cacls / icacls→getfacl / setfacl Expanded guide Advanced file access control lists (ACL) Views and sets fine-grained file permissions beyond the basic owner/group/other model. Open expanded guide → openfiles→lsof Expanded guide List open files and which process uses them Shows which files, sockets, and devices are currently open and by which processes. Open expanded guide → label→e2label / tune2fs -L Expanded guide Set or view disk volume label Assigns a human-readable name (label) to a disk partition for easier identification. Open expanded guide → wbadmin / disk image→dd Expanded guide Create raw byte-for-byte disk images Creates a complete raw copy of an entire disk or partition — useful for backups, imaging, and forensics. Open expanded guide → diskpart clean / clean all→wipefs / shred Expanded guide Wipe or sanitise a disk Removes filesystem signatures from a disk or securely overwrites all data to prevent recovery. Open expanded guide → dir /s /b (recursive list)→find . -type f Expanded guide List all files recursively Recursively lists every file in a directory tree, one per line — no directories, just files. Open expanded guide → dir /od (sort by date)→find . -mtime -1 Expanded guide Find recently modified files Locates files modified within a specific time window. Open expanded guide → findstr /r (regex)→grep -E Expanded guide Search using extended regular expressions Searches text using extended regular expressions for complex pattern matching. Open expanded guide → type (first lines)→head Expanded guide Display the first lines of a file Shows only the first N lines of a file — useful for quickly previewing large files. Open expanded guide → type (end of file / logs)→tail Expanded guide Display the last lines of a file Shows the last N lines of a file. With -f, follows the file in real-time — essential for watching logs. Open expanded guide → findstr /v (invert)→tac Expanded guide Print file in reverse line order Outputs a file with lines in reverse order — last line first. The name is 'cat' backwards. Open expanded guide → sort /unique→sort | uniq Expanded guide Filter duplicate adjacent lines Removes or counts duplicate lines. Must be used after sorting — it only removes adjacent duplicates. Open expanded guide → findstr (character replace — n/a)→tr Expanded guide Translate or delete characters Replaces, deletes, or squeezes individual characters in text — a character-level find and replace. Open expanded guide → for /f (field parsing)→cut Expanded guide Extract columns or fields from text Cuts out sections of each line — by delimiter-separated field number or character position. Open expanded guide → type (awk — no equiv)→awk Expanded guide Process and extract columns from structured text A powerful text-processing tool that splits lines into fields and lets you extract, transform, and report on structured text. Open expanded guide → type file | clip (base64 — no equiv)→base64 Expanded guide Encode or decode Base64 Converts binary data to Base64 text encoding and back. Common in APIs, certificates, and email attachments. Open expanded guide → ipconfig /flushdns→sudo resolvectl flush-caches Expanded guide Flush the DNS resolver cache Clears locally cached DNS records, forcing fresh lookups on the next DNS request. Open expanded guide → ipconfig /release and /renew→dhclient Expanded guide Release and renew DHCP lease Releases the current DHCP IP address and requests a new one from the DHCP server. Open expanded guide → net view→smbclient -L / nmap -sn Expanded guide View computers and shares on the network Lists computers visible on the local network and shared resources on a specific host. Open expanded guide → net time / w32tm→timedatectl Expanded guide View and sync system time via NTP Shows time synchronisation status and synchronises the system clock with an NTP time server. Open expanded guide → getmac→ip link show Expanded guide Display MAC addresses of network interfaces Shows the hardware (MAC) address of each network interface card. Open expanded guide → netsh int ip set address (static IP)→nmcli con mod CONNECTION ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.50/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1 ipv4.method manual Expanded guide Configure a static IP address Assigns a permanent static IP address to a network interface using NetworkManager. Open expanded guide → netsh advfirewall (firewall rules)→ufw Expanded guide Manage firewall rules Controls which network traffic is allowed through the system's firewall. Open expanded guide → pathping→mtr Expanded guide Combined ping and traceroute with statistics Continuously monitors each network hop showing real-time packet loss and latency per hop. Open expanded guide → nmap (Nmap for Windows)→nmap Expanded guide Network port scanner and host discovery Scans networks and hosts to discover open ports, running services, OS versions, and security issues. Open expanded guide → logoff→logout / pkill -KILL -u username Expanded guide Log off the current user session Ends the current user session, closing all running processes owned by that user. Open expanded guide → hibernate→systemctl hibernate Expanded guide Hibernate — save state to disk and power off Saves the current RAM state to disk and powers off. On next boot, the session resumes exactly where you left off. Open expanded guide → cleanmgr (Disk Cleanup)→package cache cleanup / journalctl vacuum Expanded guide Free up disk space Removes temporary files, old package caches, and other items that can safely be deleted to recover disk space. Open expanded guide → msconfig / systemd-analyze→systemd-analyze Expanded guide Analyse system boot performance Shows total boot time and which services took the longest to start. Open expanded guide → regsvr32 (register DLL)→sudo ldconfig Expanded guide Update shared library cache Updates the dynamic linker cache after installing new shared libraries (.so files) — the Linux equivalent of registering a DLL. Open expanded guide → net session / query user→who / w / last Expanded guide See who is currently logged in Lists currently logged-in users, what they are doing, and recent login history. Open expanded guide → sc create / sc delete→systemd unit files in /etc/systemd/system/ Expanded guide Create a custom systemd service Defines a new system service by creating a unit file, then enables and starts it. Open expanded guide → wmic bios get serialnumber→sudo dmidecode Expanded guide Read BIOS and hardware serial numbers Reads hardware information from the system BIOS/UEFI including serial numbers, model numbers, and firmware versions. Open expanded guide → powercfg /batteryreport→acpi / upower Expanded guide Battery status and health Shows battery charge level, time remaining, and health information on laptops. Open expanded guide → wmic temperature / Core Temp→sensors Expanded guide Read CPU and hardware temperatures Displays temperature readings from CPU, GPU, and motherboard sensors. Open expanded guide → winver / About Windows→neofetch / fastfetch Expanded guide Display OS info with ASCII art logo Shows system information in a visually attractive format — distro, kernel, uptime, CPU, RAM, and more. Open expanded guide → uptime (Task Manager → Performance)→uptime Expanded guide Show how long the system has been running Displays how long the system has been running since the last boot, along with current CPU load averages. Open expanded guide → devmgmt.msc (Device Manager)→lspci / lsusb / dmesg Expanded guide View hardware devices and drivers Lists hardware devices, their drivers, and status — the Linux equivalent of Device Manager. Open expanded guide → taskmgr (Task Manager)→htop / btop Expanded guide Interactive process and resource monitor Opens a real-time interactive view of CPU, memory, disk, and network usage with process management. Open expanded guide → wmic memorychip get→sudo dmidecode -t memory Expanded guide Display physical RAM module details Shows information about physical RAM modules including size, speed, type, and which slots are populated. Open expanded guide → wmic startup / msconfig Startup→systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled Expanded guide List programs set to run at startup Shows all services and programs configured to start automatically when the system boots. Open expanded guide → dpkg -i / msiexec /i→apt install ./package.deb Expanded guide Install a manually downloaded .deb package Installs a local .deb package file you have downloaded manually, rather than from a repository. Open expanded guide → gpupdate /force→puppet / ansible / chef Expanded guide Apply configuration management policies Applies centralised configuration policies — the Linux equivalent of Group Policy Update. Open expanded guide → regedit (Windows Registry)→/etc/ and ~/.config/ Expanded guide System and application configuration storage Linux stores all configuration in plain text files rather than a registry. System config is in /etc/, user config is in ~/.config/ and dotfiles. Open expanded guide → assoc / ftype (file extension to program)→xdg-mime Expanded guide Manage file type associations Views or changes which application opens files of a particular type. Open expanded guide → Compress-Archive→zip -r archive.zip folder/ Expanded guide Create a ZIP archive Compresses files or folders into a standard ZIP archive. Open expanded guide → Expand-Archive→unzip archive.zip Expanded guide Extract a ZIP archive Extracts files from a ZIP archive into the current directory or a chosen destination. Open expanded guide → tar.exe -cf→tar -cf archive.tar folder/ Expanded guide Create a TAR archive Combines files and directories into a TAR archive without necessarily compressing them. Open expanded guide → tar.exe -xf→tar -xf archive.tar Expanded guide Extract a TAR archive Extracts TAR, tar.gz, tar.xz and other tar-based archives. Open expanded guide → compact /c→gzip file.log Expanded guide Compress individual files Compresses individual files using gzip or xz to reduce their stored size. Open expanded guide → compact /u→gunzip file.log.gz Expanded guide Decompress individual files Restores files previously compressed with gzip or xz. Open expanded guide → 7z a→7z a archive.7z folder/ Expanded guide Create a 7-Zip archive Creates 7z, ZIP and other supported archive formats with the 7-Zip command-line tool. Open expanded guide → 7z x→7z x archive.7z Expanded guide Extract a 7-Zip archive Extracts 7z, ZIP, RAR and many other archive formats while preserving directory paths. Open expanded guide → PowerShell New-Item -ItemType File→touch filename.txt Expanded guide Create an empty file Creates a new empty file or updates an existing file timestamp. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Get-Item→stat filename.txt Expanded guide Inspect file metadata Displays detailed metadata such as file size, permissions, timestamps, owner and inode number. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Resolve-Path→realpath path/to/file Expanded guide Resolve an absolute path Converts a relative path or symbolic link into its normalized absolute path. Open expanded guide → fsutil file createnew→truncate -s 100M test.img Expanded guide Create a file of a chosen size Creates an empty or preallocated file with a specific size. Open expanded guide → subst→sudo mount --bind /source /mountpoint Expanded guide Map a directory to another path Makes an existing directory tree accessible at a second mount point. Open expanded guide → takeown→sudo chown user:group path Expanded guide Change file ownership Changes the user or group that owns a file or directory. Open expanded guide → robocopy→rsync -avh source/ destination/ Expanded guide Synchronize directory trees Copies and synchronizes directories efficiently, transferring only changed content when possible. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Set-Content→printf "%s " "text" > file.txt Expanded guide Replace file contents Writes new content to a file, replacing the previous contents. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Add-Content→printf "%s " "text" | tee -a file.txt Expanded guide Append content to a file Adds new text to the end of an existing file without replacing its current contents. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Get-FileHash→sha256sum filename.iso Expanded guide Calculate a file checksum Calculates a cryptographic checksum used to verify downloads and detect file changes. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Test-Path→test -e path Expanded guide Check whether a path exists Tests whether a file, directory or other path exists for use in shell scripts. Open expanded guide → dir /b→ls -1 Expanded guide List names only Prints one file or directory name per line without detailed metadata. Open expanded guide → arp -a→ip neigh show Expanded guide Show the neighbor table Displays recently discovered IP-to-MAC address mappings for devices on local networks. Open expanded guide → route print→ip route show Expanded guide Show the routing table Displays routes used to decide where network traffic should be sent. Open expanded guide → hostname→hostnamectl Expanded guide Show or change the computer name Displays the current host name and, with administrator privileges, changes the persistent system host name. Open expanded guide → netsh interface show interface→ip link show Expanded guide List network interfaces Displays network interfaces and whether each link is up or down. Open expanded guide → netsh wlan show interfaces→nmcli device show Expanded guide Inspect the active Wi-Fi connection Shows wireless interfaces, connection state, SSID, signal and other Wi-Fi information. Open expanded guide → netsh wlan show networks→nmcli device wifi list Expanded guide Scan for nearby Wi-Fi networks Lists visible wireless networks, channels, signal strength and security information. Open expanded guide → Test-NetConnection→nc -vz host port Expanded guide Test a TCP port or web endpoint Checks whether a remote host and port accept connections, or whether an HTTP endpoint responds. Open expanded guide → Resolve-DnsName→dig example.com Expanded guide Query DNS records Looks up DNS records such as A, AAAA, MX, TXT and NS entries. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Invoke-WebRequest→curl -LO URL Expanded guide Download or request web content Makes HTTP requests, downloads files and inspects server responses. Open expanded guide → bitsadmin /transfer→wget -c URL Expanded guide Download a file non-interactively Downloads files from HTTP, HTTPS or FTP sources from a script or terminal session. Open expanded guide → telnet→nc host port Expanded guide Open a basic TCP connection Connects to a TCP host and port for simple protocol testing and troubleshooting. Open expanded guide → ssh→ssh user@host Expanded guide Open a secure remote shell Connects securely to a remote Linux, Unix or SSH-enabled system. Open expanded guide → scp→scp file user@host:/path/ Expanded guide Copy files over SSH Transfers files or directories securely between local and remote systems. Open expanded guide → pktmon→sudo tcpdump -i any Expanded guide Capture network packets Captures packets from network interfaces for troubleshooting and protocol analysis. Open expanded guide → netsh winhttp show proxy→env | grep -i proxy Expanded guide Inspect proxy settings Shows proxy environment variables used by command-line applications and package managers. Open expanded guide → diskmgmt.msc→gparted Expanded guide Manage disks graphically Provides a graphical interface for viewing disks, creating partitions, formatting volumes and managing mounts. Open expanded guide → fsutil volume diskfree→df -h Command guide Show free filesystem space Displays used and available capacity for mounted filesystems. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Volume→lsblk -f Expanded guide List volumes and filesystems Shows block devices, filesystem types, labels, UUIDs and mount points. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Get-PhysicalDisk→lsblk -d -o NAME,MODEL,SIZE,ROTA,TRAN Expanded guide Inspect physical drives Displays physical disks, model names, sizes, transport types and health information. Open expanded guide → defrag→sudo fstrim -av Expanded guide Optimize storage maintenance Discards unused SSD blocks or defragments an ext4 filesystem when appropriate. Open expanded guide → manage-bde→sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 secure Expanded guide Manage encrypted volumes Creates, opens and closes LUKS-encrypted Linux block devices. Open expanded guide → mountvol→findmnt Expanded guide View or manage mount points Lists mounted filesystems and attaches or detaches a filesystem from the directory tree. Open expanded guide → wmic diskdrive get status→smartctl Expanded guide Check drive health Reads SMART health status and diagnostics reported by a physical disk. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Get-Process→ps aux Expanded guide Find running processes Lists running processes or searches for processes by name. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Stop-Process→kill PID Expanded guide Stop a process Requests that a process exit or forcefully terminates it when necessary. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Start-Process→nohup command > output.log 2>&1 & Expanded guide Start a detached process Launches a program in the background and optionally keeps it running after the terminal closes. Open expanded guide → timeout /t→sleep 5 Expanded guide Pause a script Waits for a specified amount of time before continuing. Open expanded guide → start /b→command & Expanded guide Run a command in the background Starts a command without blocking the shell from accepting additional input. Open expanded guide → start /wait→wait PID Expanded guide Wait for background jobs Pauses a shell script until one or more background processes finish. Open expanded guide → wmic process get processid→ps -eo pid,comm,args Expanded guide List process IDs and commands Displays process IDs together with executable names and complete command lines. Open expanded guide → winget search→apt search / pacman -Ss / dnf search Expanded guide Search available packages Searches configured software repositories for packages matching a name or description. Open expanded guide → winget list→dpkg -l / pacman -Q / dnf list installed Expanded guide List installed packages Displays packages currently installed through the system package manager. Open expanded guide → winget upgrade --all→apt upgrade / pacman -Syu / dnf upgrade Expanded guide Upgrade installed packages Downloads and installs available updates from configured package repositories. Open expanded guide → winget source update→apt update / pacman -Sy / dnf makecache Expanded guide Refresh repository metadata Downloads the latest package lists and repository metadata without necessarily installing updates. Open expanded guide → choco outdated→apt list --upgradable / checkupdates / dnf check-update Expanded guide Check for available updates Lists installed packages for which newer repository versions are available. Open expanded guide → Add-AppxPackage→flatpak install flathub APP_ID Expanded guide Install a sandboxed desktop application Installs a desktop application from a Flatpak repository such as Flathub. Open expanded guide → Get-AppxPackage→flatpak list --app Expanded guide List sandboxed applications Lists installed Flatpak applications and runtimes. Open expanded guide → Remove-AppxPackage→flatpak uninstall APP_ID Expanded guide Remove a sandboxed application Uninstalls a Flatpak application and optionally cleans unused runtimes. Open expanded guide → Microsoft Store→flatpak search QUERY Expanded guide Browse desktop applications Provides a central catalog of Linux desktop applications distributed as Flatpaks. Open expanded guide → msiexec /x→apt remove / pacman -R / dnf remove Expanded guide Uninstall a package Removes software installed through the distribution package manager. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Get-Service→systemctl list-units --type=service Expanded guide List system services Shows loaded services and their current active, inactive or failed state. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Start-Service→sudo systemctl start SERVICE Expanded guide Start a service Starts a systemd service immediately for the current boot. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Stop-Service→sudo systemctl stop SERVICE Expanded guide Stop a service Stops a running systemd service for the current boot. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Restart-Service→sudo systemctl restart SERVICE Expanded guide Restart a service Stops and starts a systemd service so configuration or runtime state is reloaded. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Set-Service -StartupType→sudo systemctl enable SERVICE Expanded guide Configure startup behavior Controls whether a systemd service starts automatically during boot. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Get-LocalUser→getent passwd Expanded guide List local and directory users Lists user accounts known through local files and configured identity services. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Get-LocalGroup→getent group Command guide List groups Lists local and directory-backed groups known to the system. Open command guide → PowerShell New-LocalUser→sudo useradd -m USER Expanded guide Create a user account Creates a new local Linux user and optionally a home directory and login shell. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Add-LocalGroupMember→sudo usermod -aG GROUP USER Expanded guide Add a user to a group Adds an existing user to a supplementary group. Open expanded guide → net user username /active:no→sudo usermod -L USER Expanded guide Lock a user account Locks password-based login for a local account without deleting the account or its files. Open expanded guide → net user username /active:yes→sudo usermod -U USER Expanded guide Unlock a user account Re-enables password authentication for a previously locked account. Open expanded guide → runas /user→sudo -u USER command Expanded guide Run a command as another user Executes one command or opens a login shell using another user account. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Select-String→grep PATTERN FILE Expanded guide Search text patterns Finds lines matching a string or regular expression in files or piped input. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Get-Content -Wait→tail -f FILE Expanded guide Follow a growing file Prints new lines as they are appended to a log or other text file. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Measure-Object→wc FILE Expanded guide Count lines, words and bytes Counts lines, words, bytes or characters in text files and streams. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Compare-Object→diff -u old.txt new.txt Expanded guide Compare text files Shows line-by-line differences or compares two already sorted lists. Open expanded guide → PowerShell ForEach-Object→xargs COMMAND Expanded guide Run a command for each input item Consumes a list or stream and runs another command for each item. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Where-Object→awk CONDITION Expanded guide Filter records Keeps only lines or fields that satisfy a textual or numeric condition. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Out-File→command > output.txt Expanded guide Write command output to a file Saves standard output to a file, either replacing or appending to it. Open expanded guide → PowerShell Tee-Object→command | tee output.txt Expanded guide Display and save output Copies piped output both to the terminal and to one or more files. Open expanded guide → PowerShell ConvertFrom-Json→jq EXPRESSION file.json Expanded guide Read and query JSON Parses JSON and selects fields, array elements or transformed output. Open expanded guide → PowerShell ConvertTo-Json→jq -n OBJECT Expanded guide Create or transform JSON Builds JSON values or reshapes existing JSON data from the command line. Open expanded guide → cd with current path→pwd Command guide Print current directory Shows the current working directory, similar to checking the current folder in CMD. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Location→pwd Command guide Show current directory Prints the absolute path of the current working directory. Open command guide → PowerShell Set-Location→cd /path/to/folder Command guide Change directory Moves the shell into another directory. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-ChildItem -Force→ls -la Command guide List files including hidden files Shows normal and hidden dotfiles with detailed metadata. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-ChildItem -Recurse→find . Command guide Recursively list files Walks a directory tree and prints matching files and folders. Open command guide → PowerShell Copy-Item→cp source destination Command guide Copy a file Copies files from one path to another. Open command guide → PowerShell Copy-Item -Recurse→cp -r source_dir destination_dir Command guide Copy folders recursively Copies a directory and its contents. Open command guide → PowerShell Move-Item→mv source destination Command guide Move files or folders Moves or renames paths. Open command guide → PowerShell Rename-Item→mv old_name new_name Command guide Rename a file Renames a file or directory. Open command guide → PowerShell Remove-Item→rm file Command guide Remove a file Deletes a file from the filesystem. Open command guide → PowerShell Remove-Item -Recurse -Force→rm -rf directory Command guide Force-remove a folder tree Deletes a directory tree without prompting. Open command guide → PowerShell Split-Path→dirname /path/to/file Command guide Return parent path Prints the directory portion of a path. Open command guide → PowerShell Split-Path -Leaf→basename /path/to/file Command guide Return filename from path Prints the final component of a path. Open command guide → PowerShell Join-Path→printf "%s/%s\n" "$dir" "$name" Command guide Join path components Combines directory and filename strings in shell scripts. Open command guide → dir /a→ls -la Command guide Show all files Lists hidden and non-hidden files. Open command guide → dir /o:n→ls | sort Command guide Sort directory listing by name Sorts file names alphabetically. Open command guide → dir /o:s→ls -lS Command guide Sort directory listing by size Shows large files first. Open command guide → dir /q→ls -l Command guide Show file owner Displays owner and group in a long listing. Open command guide → copy /y→cp -f source destination Command guide Copy and overwrite Copies while forcing overwrite of the target. Open command guide → move /y→mv -f source destination Command guide Move and overwrite Moves while forcing overwrite of the target. Open command guide → del /q→rm -f file Command guide Delete without prompting Removes a file without interactive confirmation. Open command guide → del /s→find . -name "PATTERN" -type f -delete Command guide Delete recursively by pattern Finds matching files under a tree and deletes them. Open command guide → xcopy /e→cp -a source_dir destination_dir Command guide Copy directory tree Copies folders recursively while preserving common metadata. Open command guide → xcopy /d→rsync -au source/ destination/ Command guide Copy only newer files Copies files only when the source is newer than the target. Open command guide → robocopy /e→rsync -a source/ destination/ Command guide Robust recursive copy Mirrors a directory tree without deleting extra target files. Open command guide → robocopy /mir→rsync -a --delete source/ destination/ Command guide Mirror directories Synchronizes a destination so it matches the source. Open command guide → robocopy /xo→rsync -au source/ destination/ Command guide Skip older source files Copies only files that are newer than existing destination files. Open command guide → robocopy /z→rsync -a --partial --progress source/ destination/ Command guide Resume interrupted copy Keeps partial transfers and shows transfer progress. Open command guide → fsutil hardlink create→ln existing_file hardlink_name Command guide Create hard link Creates another directory entry pointing to the same file inode. Open command guide → mklink /H→ln target hardlink_name Command guide Create file hard link Creates a Linux hard link for a regular file. Open command guide → mklink /D→ln -s target link_name Command guide Create directory symlink Creates a symbolic link to a directory. Open command guide → mklink /J→mount --bind /real/path /mount/path Command guide Create junction-like bind mount Uses a bind mount for a directory-to-directory mapping. Open command guide → attrib +h→mv file .file Command guide Hide a file Linux hides files by naming them with a leading dot. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Acl→getfacl file Command guide Show ACL permissions Displays POSIX ACLs where ACL support is enabled. Open command guide → PowerShell Set-Acl→setfacl -m u:USER:rw file Command guide Set ACL permissions Modifies POSIX ACL entries for users or groups. Open command guide → icacls file→getfacl file Command guide View file ACLs Shows detailed access-control entries. Open command guide → icacls /grant→setfacl -m u:USER:rwx file Command guide Grant ACL permissions Grants explicit permissions to a user. Open command guide → icacls /reset→setfacl -b file Command guide Reset ACL entries Removes extended ACL entries from a file. Open command guide → takeown /r→sudo chown -R USER:GROUP path Command guide Take ownership recursively Changes owner and group recursively. Open command guide → sdelete file→shred -u file Command guide Secure-delete a file Overwrites and removes a file when secure deletion is appropriate. Open command guide → comp→cmp file1 file2 Command guide Compare binary files Compares files byte-for-byte and reports the first difference. Open command guide → fc /b→cmp file1 file2 Command guide Binary file compare Compares two files as binary data. Open command guide → tar.exe -tf→tar -tf archive.tar Command guide List tar archive contents Lists files inside a tar archive without extracting it. Open command guide → unzip -l on Windows→unzip -l archive.zip Command guide List zip archive contents Lists files in a zip without extracting them. Open command guide → zip recursive folder→zip -r archive.zip folder Command guide Create recursive zip Compresses a folder tree into a zip file. Open command guide → gzip file→gzip -k file Command guide Compress with gzip Creates a .gz file while optionally keeping the original. Open command guide → xz file→xz -T0 file Command guide Compress with xz Creates a high-compression .xz file using available CPU threads. Open command guide → expand cabinet file→cabextract file.cab Command guide Extract CAB archive Extracts Microsoft cabinet archives on Linux. Open command guide → findstr /s→grep -R "pattern" path/ Command guide Search recursively Searches files under a directory tree. Open command guide → findstr /i→grep -i "pattern" file Command guide Case-insensitive search Matches text without case sensitivity. Open command guide → findstr /n→grep -n "pattern" file Command guide Show matching line numbers Prints line numbers beside matches. Open command guide → findstr /c→grep -F "literal text" file Command guide Search literal string Searches fixed text instead of regex syntax. Open command guide → findstr /b→grep "^pattern" file Command guide Match beginning of line Uses a regex anchor to match the start of lines. Open command guide → findstr /e→grep "pattern$" file Command guide Match end of line Uses a regex anchor to match line endings. Open command guide → Select-String -NotMatch→grep -v "pattern" file Command guide Invert text search Prints lines that do not match a pattern. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Content -Head→head -n 20 file Command guide Show first lines Prints the beginning of a file. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Content -Tail→tail -n 20 file Command guide Show last lines Prints the end of a file. Open command guide → PowerShell Select-Object -First→head -n 10 Command guide Keep first records Limits pipeline output to the first records. Open command guide → PowerShell Select-Object -Last→tail -n 10 Command guide Keep last records Limits pipeline output to the last records. Open command guide → PowerShell Select-Object -Unique→sort -u Command guide Keep unique records Sorts and removes duplicate lines. Open command guide → PowerShell Group-Object→sort | uniq -c Command guide Group and count records Groups identical lines and counts occurrences. Open command guide → PowerShell -replace→sed "s/old/new/g" file Command guide Replace text with regex Performs stream text substitution. Open command guide → PowerShell Format-Table→column -t Command guide Align tabular text Formats delimited text into aligned columns. Open command guide → sort /r→sort -r file Command guide Reverse sort Sorts lines in reverse order. Open command guide → sort /+N→sort -k N file Command guide Sort by field Sorts text using a field key. Open command guide → Get-Unique→uniq Command guide Remove adjacent duplicates Filters repeated neighboring lines. Open command guide → fc /n→diff -u file1 file2 Command guide Compare text with context Shows unified differences between text files. Open command guide → PowerShell Compare-Object -IncludeEqual→comm file1 file2 Command guide Compare sorted files Compares sorted files and can show common lines. Open command guide → certutil -encode→base64 file Command guide Base64 encode a file Encodes binary data as base64 text. Open command guide → certutil -decode→base64 -d file.b64 Command guide Base64 decode a file Decodes base64 text back to binary data. Open command guide → PowerShell ConvertFrom-Csv→mlr --icsv cat file.csv Command guide Read CSV records Processes CSV as structured records with Miller when installed. Open command guide → PowerShell Export-Csv→mlr --ocsv cat > file.csv Command guide Write CSV records Writes structured records as CSV with Miller when installed. Open command guide → PowerShell ConvertFrom-Json object field→jq ".field" file.json Command guide Read JSON field Extracts a field from JSON. Open command guide → PowerShell ConvertTo-Json compact→jq -c . file.json Command guide Compact JSON Prints compact one-line JSON. Open command guide → hexdump in PowerShell Format-Hex→xxd file Command guide Hex dump a file Displays binary files as hexadecimal bytes. Open command guide → PowerShell Format-Hex→hexdump -C file Command guide Canonical hex dump Shows offsets, hex bytes and printable text. Open command guide → strings.exe→strings file Command guide Extract printable strings Prints readable strings from binary files. Open command guide → PowerShell Out-String→cat Command guide Emit text stream Passes file or command text through stdout. Open command guide → PowerShell Out-GridView→fzf Command guide Interactive filtering Uses fuzzy finder for interactive terminal filtering. Open command guide → PowerShell Select-Object property→awk "{print $1}" Command guide Select fields Prints selected fields from structured text. Open command guide → PowerShell ForEach-Object split→cut -d: -f1 Command guide Cut delimited fields Extracts fields from delimiter-separated lines. Open command guide → paste files→paste file1 file2 Command guide Merge lines side by side Combines corresponding lines from multiple files. Open command guide → join files→join file1 file2 Command guide Join sorted files Joins lines from two sorted files on a common field. Open command guide → split large file→split -b 100M file part_ Command guide Split a large file Splits a file into fixed-size chunks. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Random lines→shuf file Command guide Shuffle lines Randomizes the order of lines. Open command guide → nl file→nl -ba file Command guide Number lines Adds line numbers to file output. Open command guide → fold long lines→fold -w 80 file Command guide Wrap long lines Wraps long text lines to a target width. Open command guide → expand tabs→expand -t 4 file Command guide Convert tabs to spaces Expands tab characters into spaces. Open command guide → unexpand spaces→unexpand -t 4 file Command guide Convert spaces to tabs Converts leading spaces back into tabs. Open command guide → ipconfig /all→ip addr && nmcli device show Command guide Show full network configuration Displays addresses, interfaces, DNS and connection details. Open command guide → ipconfig /displaydns→resolvectl statistics Command guide Inspect DNS resolver cache status Shows resolver/cache statistics on systemd-resolved systems. Open command guide → netsh interface ipv4 show dnsservers→nmcli device show | grep DNS Command guide Show DNS servers Displays DNS servers assigned to active network devices. Open command guide → netsh interface ipv4 set dns→nmcli con mod "CONNECTION" ipv4.dns "1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8" Command guide Set DNS servers Configures DNS servers for a NetworkManager connection. Open command guide → netsh wlan show profile key=clear→nmcli connection show "SSID" --show-secrets Command guide Show saved Wi-Fi profile Shows saved Wi-Fi connection details and secrets when permitted. Open command guide → netsh wlan connect→nmcli device wifi connect "SSID" password "PASSWORD" Command guide Connect to Wi-Fi Connects to a wireless network from the terminal. Open command guide → netsh wlan delete profile→nmcli connection delete "SSID" Command guide Delete saved Wi-Fi profile Removes a saved NetworkManager connection profile. Open command guide → netsh wlan export profile→nmcli connection export "SSID" Command guide Export connection profile Exports a NetworkManager connection profile. Open command guide → netsh wlan add profile→nmcli connection import type wifi file profile.nmconnection Command guide Import connection profile Imports a NetworkManager connection profile. Open command guide → arp -d→sudo ip neigh flush all Command guide Clear ARP/neighbor cache Flushes the neighbor table. Open command guide → arp -s→sudo ip neigh add IP lladdr MAC dev IFACE Command guide Add static neighbor entry Adds a static IP-to-MAC neighbor mapping. Open command guide → route add→sudo ip route add 10.0.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 Command guide Add route Adds a route to the kernel routing table. Open command guide → route delete→sudo ip route del 10.0.0.0/24 Command guide Delete route Removes a route from the kernel routing table. Open command guide → route change→sudo ip route replace 10.0.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.254 Command guide Replace route Changes a route atomically by replacing it. Open command guide → netstat -ano→ss -tunlp Command guide Show listening ports and processes Lists TCP/UDP sockets with process information. Open command guide → netstat -ab→sudo ss -tulpn Command guide Show programs using ports Shows listening sockets and process names with privileges. Open command guide → netstat -rn→ip route Command guide Show routing table Prints routes in the kernel routing table. Open command guide → netstat -s→ss -s Command guide Show socket statistics Summarizes TCP/UDP socket state counts. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-NetTCPConnection→ss -tuna Command guide List TCP connections Lists active TCP sockets and states. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-NetIPAddress→ip addr show Command guide List IP addresses Shows IP addresses assigned to network interfaces. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-NetAdapter→ip link show Command guide List network adapters Shows network interfaces and link state. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-DnsClientServerAddress→resolvectl dns Command guide Show resolver DNS servers Prints DNS servers known to systemd-resolved. Open command guide → PowerShell Set-DnsClientServerAddress→nmcli con mod "CONNECTION" ipv4.dns "1.1.1.1" Command guide Set DNS resolver Sets DNS servers on a NetworkManager connection. Open command guide → Resolve-DnsName -Type TXT→dig TXT example.com Command guide Query TXT records Looks up TXT DNS records. Open command guide → Resolve-DnsName -Type MX→dig MX example.com Command guide Query MX records Looks up mail-exchanger DNS records. Open command guide → PowerShell Test-Connection→ping host Command guide Send ICMP echo requests Tests reachability with ICMP pings. Open command guide → Test-NetConnection -Port→nc -vz host 443 Command guide Test TCP port Checks whether a TCP port accepts connections. Open command guide → Test-NetConnection -TraceRoute→traceroute host Command guide Trace network route Shows hop-by-hop path to a target. Open command guide → portqry→nc -vz host port Command guide Query TCP port Tests if a remote TCP port is reachable. Open command guide → curl.exe -L→curl -L URL Command guide Follow redirects Downloads or requests a URL while following redirects. Open command guide → curl.exe -o→curl -L -o file URL Command guide Download URL to file Saves an HTTP response to a local file. Open command guide → Invoke-WebRequest -OutFile→curl -L -o file URL Command guide Download web file Downloads a URL to a specific output file. Open command guide → curl.exe headers→curl -I URL Command guide Show HTTP headers Requests only HTTP response headers. Open command guide → openssl TLS test→openssl s_client -connect host:443 -servername host Command guide Inspect TLS connection Connects to a TLS service and prints certificate details. Open command guide → pktmon start→sudo tcpdump -i any Command guide Capture packets Captures packets on all interfaces. Open command guide → pktmon stop→pkill tcpdump Command guide Stop packet capture Stops a running tcpdump process. Open command guide → nbtstat -A→nmblookup -A IP Command guide Query NetBIOS name table Looks up NetBIOS names for a host. Open command guide → net view \server→smbclient -L //server -U user Command guide List SMB shares Lists shares exposed by an SMB server. Open command guide → net use Z: \server\share→sudo mount -t cifs //server/share /mnt/share -o username=user Command guide Mount SMB share Mounts a Windows/Samba share into the Linux filesystem. Open command guide → net use Z: /delete→sudo umount /mnt/share Command guide Unmount SMB share Unmounts a mounted SMB/CIFS share. Open command guide → net share→net usershare list Command guide List Samba user shares Lists Samba user shares on Linux. Open command guide → mstsc→xfreerdp /v:HOST /u:USER Command guide Remote desktop client Connects to an RDP server from Linux. Open command guide → tasklist /svc→ps -eo pid,comm,args Command guide List processes and services Shows processes with command names and arguments. Open command guide → tasklist /v→ps auxww Command guide Verbose process list Shows detailed process information without truncating commands. Open command guide → tasklist /fi imagename→pgrep -a PROCESS Command guide Filter process list Finds running processes matching a name. Open command guide → taskkill /f /im→pkill -9 PROCESS Command guide Force-kill process by name Terminates matching processes with SIGKILL. Open command guide → taskkill /pid /t→pkill -TERM -P PID Command guide Kill child processes Signals child processes under a parent PID. Open command guide → wmic process call create→nohup command >/tmp/command.log 2>&1 & Command guide Start detached process Starts a process that survives terminal logout. Open command guide → start command→command & Command guide Start background process Runs a command in the background. Open command guide → start /affinity→taskset -c 0,1 command Command guide Run process on CPU cores Sets CPU affinity for a command. Open command guide → start /realtime→sudo chrt -f 99 command Command guide Run with real-time priority Starts a command with real-time scheduler priority. Open command guide → wmic process get commandline→ps -p PID -o args= Command guide Show process command line Displays the full command used to start a process. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Process -Id→ps -p PID -f Command guide Show process by PID Shows details for one process ID. Open command guide → PowerShell Wait-Process→tail --pid=PID -f /dev/null Command guide Wait for process exit Blocks until a process exits. Open command guide → Get-Counter→vmstat 1 Command guide Show live system counters Prints live CPU, memory and IO counters. Open command guide → resmon→btop Command guide Interactive resource monitor Opens an interactive process and resource monitor. Open command guide → procdump→coredumpctl dump PID Command guide Dump process core Retrieves a coredump for debugging where coredumpd is active. Open command guide → handle.exe→lsof file Command guide Show process using file Lists processes with an open handle to a file. Open command guide → listdlls→pmap PID Command guide Show process memory mappings Shows mapped libraries and memory regions for a process. Open command guide → sc start→sudo systemctl start SERVICE Command guide Start service Starts a systemd service. Open command guide → sc stop→sudo systemctl stop SERVICE Command guide Stop service Stops a systemd service. Open command guide → sc restart equivalent→sudo systemctl restart SERVICE Command guide Restart service Restarts a systemd service. Open command guide → sc qc→systemctl cat SERVICE Command guide Show service configuration Prints a systemd unit file and drop-ins. Open command guide → sc config→sudo systemctl edit SERVICE Command guide Edit service override Creates or edits a systemd override file. Open command guide → sc failure→sudo systemctl edit SERVICE Command guide Configure service restart policy Sets Restart= behavior in a systemd override. Open command guide → sc query state= all→systemctl list-units --type=service --all Command guide List all services Lists loaded active and inactive services. Open command guide → net start service→sudo systemctl start SERVICE Command guide Start named service Starts a system service. Open command guide → net stop service→sudo systemctl stop SERVICE Command guide Stop named service Stops a system service. Open command guide → services.msc startup type disabled→sudo systemctl disable --now SERVICE Command guide Disable startup service Stops a service now and prevents future autostart. Open command guide → system event log filter→journalctl -p warning..alert Command guide Show warning and error logs Filters system logs by priority. Open command guide → Event Viewer current boot→journalctl -b Command guide Show current boot logs Prints journal entries for the current boot. Open command guide → Event Viewer follow log→journalctl -f Command guide Follow system logs Streams new journal entries live. Open command guide → Event Viewer service log→journalctl -u SERVICE -f Command guide Follow service logs Streams logs for a specific systemd service. Open command guide → schtasks /query→systemctl list-timers --all Command guide List scheduled tasks Lists systemd timers and their next run times. Open command guide → schtasks /create→systemd-run --on-calendar="*-*-* 02:00" command Command guide Create scheduled task Creates a transient scheduled systemd job. Open command guide → schtasks /delete→systemctl disable --now TIMER.timer Command guide Disable scheduled task Stops and disables a timer unit. Open command guide → shutdown /r /t 0→sudo reboot Command guide Restart computer Reboots the system immediately. Open command guide → shutdown /s /t 0→sudo poweroff Command guide Shut down computer Powers off the system immediately. Open command guide → shutdown /a→sudo shutdown -c Command guide Cancel shutdown Cancels a pending shutdown request. Open command guide → net user username /delete→sudo userdel -r username Command guide Delete user account Removes a local user and optionally their home directory. Open command guide → net localgroup group /add→sudo groupadd group Command guide Create group Creates a local Unix group. Open command guide → net localgroup group user /delete→sudo gpasswd -d user group Command guide Remove user from group Deletes a user membership from a group. Open command guide → net user username password→sudo passwd username Command guide Change user password Sets or changes a local user password. Open command guide → net user username /expires→sudo chage -E YYYY-MM-DD username Command guide Set account expiry Sets an expiration date for a user account. Open command guide → net accounts /maxpwage→sudo chage -M DAYS username Command guide Set password maximum age Configures password aging for a local account. Open command guide → whoami /all→id && sudo -l Command guide Show identity and privileges Shows user/group IDs and sudo privileges. Open command guide → whoami /user→id -un Command guide Show current username Prints the current user name. Open command guide → whoami /groups→id Command guide Show group memberships Shows current user and group IDs. Open command guide → whoami /priv→sudo -l Command guide Show elevated privileges Lists allowed sudo commands for the current user. Open command guide → auditpol /get→sudo auditctl -s Command guide Show audit status Displays Linux audit subsystem status. Open command guide → auditpol /set→sudo auditctl -w /path -p wa -k KEY Command guide Add audit watch Creates an audit rule for file writes/attribute changes. Open command guide → secpol.msc password policy→chage -l username Command guide Inspect password aging Shows password-aging settings for a user. Open command guide → certmgr.msc→trust list Command guide List trusted certificates Lists trusted certificate anchors where p11-kit trust is used. Open command guide → certutil -verify→openssl verify -CAfile ca.pem cert.pem Command guide Verify certificate Checks a certificate against a CA file. Open command guide → cipher /e→gpg -c file Command guide Encrypt file symmetrically Encrypts a file with a passphrase using GnuPG. Open command guide → cipher /d→gpg -d file.gpg > file Command guide Decrypt file Decrypts a GPG-encrypted file. Open command guide → manage-bde -status→sudo cryptsetup status mapper_name Command guide Check encrypted volume Shows status for a LUKS mapping. Open command guide → manage-bde -unlock→sudo cryptsetup open /dev/sdXn mapper_name Command guide Unlock encrypted volume Opens a LUKS encrypted block device. Open command guide → manage-bde -lock→sudo cryptsetup close mapper_name Command guide Lock encrypted volume Closes a LUKS encrypted mapping. Open command guide → ssh-keygen on Windows→ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "you@example.com" Command guide Create SSH key Generates an Ed25519 SSH key pair. Open command guide → ssh-add on Windows→ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Command guide Load SSH key into agent Adds a private key to the SSH authentication agent. Open command guide → Get-AuthenticodeSignature→gpg --verify file.sig file Command guide Verify file signature Verifies a detached GPG signature. Open command guide → sigcheck→debsums Command guide Verify installed package files Checks installed files against package checksums. Open command guide → netsh advfirewall show allprofiles→sudo Command guide Show firewall status Displays firewall state and active rules. Open command guide → netsh advfirewall firewall add rule→sudo Command guide Add firewall allow rule Allows inbound traffic to a port. Open command guide → netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off→sudo Command guide Disable firewall Disables the firewall frontend. Open command guide → wf.msc→gufw Command guide Open graphical firewall Opens a graphical firewall frontend when installed. Open command guide → chmod numeric mode→chmod 755 file Command guide Set numeric permissions Sets Unix permissions using octal mode. Open command guide → chmod symbolic mode→chmod u+x script.sh Command guide Set symbolic permissions Adds or removes permission bits symbolically. Open command guide → chgrp→sudo chgrp group file Command guide Change file group Changes group ownership. Open command guide → umask→umask 027 Command guide Set default permissions mask Controls default permissions for newly created files. Open command guide → visudo→sudo visudo Command guide Safely edit sudoers Edits sudo policy with syntax checking. Open command guide → passwd -l→sudo passwd -l username Command guide Lock password login Locks a user password. Open command guide → passwd -u→sudo passwd -u username Command guide Unlock password login Unlocks a user password. Open command guide → getcap→getcap -r / 2>/dev/null Command guide List file capabilities Shows Linux file capabilities. Open command guide → setcap→sudo setcap cap_net_bind_service=+ep /path/to/bin Command guide Grant file capability Gives a binary a specific kernel capability. Open command guide → ver→uname -r Command guide Show kernel version Prints the running Linux kernel release. Open command guide → tzutil /g→timedatectl show --property=Timezone --value Command guide Show timezone Prints the configured system timezone. Open command guide → tzutil /s→sudo timedatectl set-timezone Region/City Command guide Set timezone Changes the system timezone. Open command guide → control timedate.cpl→timedatectl Command guide Show time settings Displays time, timezone and NTP sync settings. Open command guide → intl.cpl→localectl status Command guide Show locale settings Displays system locale and keyboard settings. Open command guide → PowerShell Set-TimeZone→sudo timedatectl set-timezone Region/City Command guide Set timezone from shell Changes system timezone from the terminal. Open command guide → sfc /scannow→debsums Command guide Verify system package files Checks installed package files against package metadata. Open command guide → DISM RestoreHealth→sudo Command guide Reinstall damaged package files Linux repair usually means verifying and reinstalling affected packages. Open command guide → driverquery→lspci -k Command guide Show hardware drivers Lists PCI devices and active kernel drivers. Open command guide → pnputil /enum-drivers→lsmod Command guide List loaded drivers/modules Lists loaded Linux kernel modules. Open command guide → pnputil /disable-device→sudo modprobe -r MODULE Command guide Unload driver module Removes a kernel module when possible. Open command guide → powercfg /a→cat /sys/power/state Command guide Show supported sleep states Lists sleep states exposed by the kernel. Open command guide → powercfg /energy→sudo powertop Command guide Analyze power usage Opens a power diagnostics tool. Open command guide → powercfg /hibernate off→sudo systemctl mask hibernate.target hybrid-sleep.target Command guide Disable hibernation targets Masks hibernate-related systemd targets. Open command guide → bcdedit /enum→bootctl Command guide Show boot configuration Shows systemd-boot status where systemd-boot is used. Open command guide → bcdedit /set default→sudo grub-set-default 0 Command guide Set default boot entry Sets the default GRUB boot entry. Open command guide → msconfig boot→systemctl get-default Command guide Show default boot target Shows the default systemd target. Open command guide → msconfig safe boot→sudo systemctl set-default rescue.target Command guide Set rescue target Configures boot into rescue mode. Open command guide → wmic logicaldisk get size→df -h Command guide Show disk free space Displays filesystem usage in human-readable units. Open command guide → fsutil fsinfo drives→lsblk Command guide List block devices Lists disks, partitions and block devices. Open command guide → fsutil fsinfo volumeinfo→findmnt -no SOURCE,FSTYPE,OPTIONS / Command guide Show mounted volume info Shows source device, filesystem and mount options. Open command guide → mountvol /l→findmnt Command guide List mounted filesystems Lists current mount points. Open command guide → diskpart list disk→lsblk -d -o NAME,SIZE,MODEL Command guide List physical disks Shows disk devices and models. Open command guide → diskpart list volume→lsblk -f Command guide List volumes/filesystems Shows partitions with filesystems and UUIDs. Open command guide → diskpart assign letter→sudo mount /dev/sdXn /mnt Command guide Mount filesystem Mounts a filesystem at a directory. Open command guide → diskpart remove letter→sudo umount /mnt Command guide Unmount filesystem Unmounts a mounted filesystem. Open command guide → defrag /L→sudo fstrim -av Command guide Trim SSD filesystems Runs discard/TRIM on mounted filesystems that support it. Open command guide → winsat disk→fio --name=test --filename=testfile --size=1G --rw=readwrite Command guide Benchmark disk Runs a configurable disk benchmark with fio. Open command guide → wmic diskdrive get model→lsblk -d -o NAME,MODEL,SIZE Command guide Show disk model Prints disk model and size. Open command guide → chkdsk /f→sudo fsck -f /dev/sdXn Command guide Force filesystem check Checks and repairs a filesystem while unmounted. Open command guide → chkdsk /r→sudo badblocks -sv /dev/sdX Command guide Scan for bad blocks Scans a block device for bad sectors. Open command guide → format /q→sudo mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdXn Command guide Quick format filesystem Creates a new filesystem on a partition. Open command guide → cipher /w free space→sudo zerofree /dev/sdXn Command guide Zero free space Zeros unused blocks on a supported unmounted filesystem. Open command guide → systeminfo CPU→lscpu Command guide Show CPU details Displays CPU architecture, cores and flags. Open command guide → systeminfo memory→free -h Command guide Show memory usage Shows RAM and swap usage. Open command guide → wmic memorychip capacity→sudo dmidecode -t memory Command guide Show memory modules Displays DIMM slot and module information. Open command guide → dxdiag display→glxinfo -B Command guide Show graphics renderer Displays OpenGL renderer and driver information. Open command guide → Reliability Monitor→journalctl -p err -b Command guide Show current boot errors Lists error-level log entries for current boot. Open command guide → winget show→apt Command guide Show package details Displays repository package metadata. Open command guide → winget source list→grep Command guide List package sources Lists configured package repositories. Open command guide → winget source reset→sudo Command guide Refresh package metadata Refreshes package repository metadata. Open command guide → winget export→apt-mark Command guide Export installed package list Saves a list of manually installed packages. Open command guide → winget import→xargs Command guide Install packages from list Installs packages from a saved package list. Open command guide → winget pin add→sudo Command guide Hold package version Prevents a package from being upgraded automatically. Open command guide → winget pin remove→sudo Command guide Remove package hold Allows a package to upgrade again. Open command guide → choco install→sudo Command guide Install package Installs software from distro repositories. Open command guide → choco upgrade all→sudo Command guide Upgrade all packages Updates the installed system packages. Open command guide → choco list --local-only→apt Command guide List installed packages Shows installed packages. Open command guide → choco info→apt Command guide Show package info Shows package metadata from repositories. Open command guide → choco uninstall→sudo Command guide Uninstall package Removes an installed package. Open command guide → Programs and Features list→apt Command guide List installed software Lists packages installed through the system package manager. Open command guide → Programs and Features uninstall→sudo Command guide Remove installed software Uninstalls software managed by the package manager. Open command guide → msiexec repair→sudo Command guide Repair installed package Reinstalls package files from the repository. Open command guide → msiexec quiet install→sudo Command guide Non-interactive install Installs package without interactive prompts where supported. Open command guide → dpkg list files equivalent→dpkg Command guide List package files Shows files installed by a package. Open command guide → find package owning file→dpkg Command guide Find owner package Finds which package installed a file. Open command guide → show package dependencies→apt-cache Command guide Show package dependencies Displays direct package dependencies. Open command guide → remove unused dependencies→sudo Command guide Remove orphaned dependencies Cleans packages installed only as dependencies. Open command guide → clean package cache→sudo Command guide Clean package cache Deletes downloaded package cache files. Open command guide → list package updates→apt Command guide List available upgrades Shows packages that can be upgraded. Open command guide → install local package file→sudo Command guide Install local package file Installs a downloaded local package file. Open command guide → install Flatpak app→flatpak install flathub APP_ID Command guide Install Flatpak app Installs a sandboxed desktop application from Flathub. Open command guide → update Flatpak apps→flatpak update Command guide Update Flatpak apps Updates installed Flatpak applications. Open command guide → list Flatpak apps→flatpak list Command guide List Flatpak apps Lists installed Flatpak applications. Open command guide → remove Flatpak app→flatpak uninstall APP_ID Command guide Remove Flatpak app Uninstalls a Flatpak application. Open command guide → snap install→sudo Command guide Install Snap package Installs software from Snap Store where snapd is enabled. Open command guide → snap list→snap list Command guide List Snap packages Lists installed Snap packages. Open command guide → snap remove→sudo snap remove PACKAGE Command guide Remove Snap package Uninstalls a Snap package. Open command guide → help command→man command Command guide Open command manual Shows the manual page for a command. Open command guide → command /?→command --help Command guide Show command help Prints built-in command help when supported. Open command guide → where /r→find /path -name "name" Command guide Search recursively for file Finds files by name under a directory tree. Open command guide → color→printf "\033[32mgreen\033[0m\n" Command guide Print colored terminal text Uses ANSI escape sequences for terminal color. Open command guide → prompt→export PS1="\u@\h:\w\$ " Command guide Set shell prompt Changes the shell prompt format. Open command guide → chcp→locale charmap Command guide Show terminal encoding Displays the active character encoding. Open command guide → mode con→stty -a Command guide Show terminal settings Displays terminal line discipline settings. Open command guide → doskey /macros→alias Command guide List shell aliases Lists defined aliases. Open command guide → doskey macro=value→alias name="command" Command guide Create command alias Creates a temporary shell alias. Open command guide → %USERNAME%→echo "$USER" Command guide Show username variable Prints the current username environment variable. Open command guide → %USERPROFILE%→echo "$HOME" Command guide Show home directory variable Prints the current user home directory. Open command guide → %TEMP%→echo "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}" Command guide Show temp directory Prints the temporary directory path. Open command guide → setx PATH→echo "export PATH="$PATH:/new/path"" >> ~/.bashrc Command guide Persist PATH change Adds a PATH modification to a shell startup file. Open command guide → call script.bat→source script.sh Command guide Run script in current shell Sources a shell script so it can modify current shell state. Open command guide → start cmd /c→bash -c "command" Command guide Run command string Executes a command through Bash. Open command guide → choice→read -r -p "Continue? [y/N] " answer Command guide Prompt for choice Reads an interactive answer from the user. Open command guide → timeout /nobreak→sleep 10 Command guide Wait for seconds Pauses script execution for a number of seconds. Open command guide → for /r→find . -type f -exec command {} \; Command guide Loop files recursively Runs a command for each matching file under a tree. Open command guide → forfiles→find . -mtime +7 -exec rm {} \; Command guide Run command on matched files Finds files by criteria and runs a command on them. Open command guide → dir | find→command | grep "pattern" Command guide Pipe output to search Sends command output to a text filter. Open command guide → && operator→command1 && command2 Command guide Run next command on success Runs the second command only if the first succeeds. Open command guide → || operator→command1 || command2 Command guide Run fallback command Runs the second command only if the first fails. Open command guide → > redirection→command > file Command guide Redirect stdout Writes command output to a file. Open command guide → 2> redirection→command 2> errors.log Command guide Redirect stderr Writes error output to a file. Open command guide → 2>&1 redirection→command > all.log 2>&1 Command guide Merge stdout and stderr Writes normal and error output to the same file. Open command guide → & command separator→command1; command2 Command guide Run commands sequentially Runs commands one after another regardless of success. Open command guide → %1 batch argument→echo "$1" Command guide First script argument Reads the first positional parameter in a shell script. Open command guide → %* batch arguments→printf "%s\n" "$@" Command guide All script arguments Expands all positional arguments safely. Open command guide → %~dp0 script directory→cd "$(dirname "$0")" Command guide Script directory Changes to the directory containing the script. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Command→command -v name Command guide Find command path Checks whether a command exists and where it resolves. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Help→man command Command guide Read command help Opens the manual page for a command. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Date→date Command guide Show date and time Prints current date and time. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Random→shuf -i 1-100 -n 1 Command guide Generate random number Prints a random number from a range. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-ComputerInfo→hostnamectl && uname -a Command guide Show computer information Shows host, OS and kernel details. Open command guide → PowerShell Clear-History→history -c Command guide Clear shell history Clears the current shell history list. Open command guide → PowerShell $env:PATH→echo "$PATH" Command guide Show PATH variable Prints the executable search path. Open command guide → PowerShell $env:USERPROFILE→echo "$HOME" Command guide Show home directory Prints the Linux home directory variable. Open command guide → PowerShell New-TemporaryFile→mktemp Command guide Create temp file Creates a safely named temporary file. Open command guide → PowerShell Start-Sleep→sleep 5 Command guide Pause execution Sleeps for a number of seconds. Open command guide → PowerShell Read-Host→read -r variable Command guide Read user input Reads a line of input from the terminal. Open command guide → PowerShell Write-Host→printf "%s\n" "text" Command guide Print text Writes text to standard output. Open command guide → PowerShell Start-Job→command & Command guide Start background job Runs a command in the background. Open command guide → PowerShell Get-Job→jobs Command guide List shell jobs Lists background jobs in the current shell. Open command guide → PowerShell Receive-Job→wait %1 Command guide Wait for background job Waits for a background job to complete. Open command guide → PowerShell Stop-Job→kill %1 Command guide Stop background job Stops a shell background job. Open command guide → PowerShell Invoke-RestMethod→curl -s URL | jq . Command guide Call JSON API Fetches an API response and parses JSON. Open command guide → PowerShell New-Guid→uuidgen Command guide Generate UUID Creates a new UUID/GUID. Open command guide → PowerShell Test-Json→jq empty file.json Command guide Validate JSON Checks that JSON parses successfully. Open command guide → PowerShell Compress-Archive folder→zip -r archive.zip folder Command guide Compress folder Creates a zip archive from a directory tree. Open command guide → PowerShell Expand-Archive file→unzip archive.zip Command guide Extract zip archive Extracts a zip archive. Open command guide → git status on Windows→git status Expanded guide Show Git working tree status Shows tracked, modified, staged and untracked files in the current Git working tree. Open expanded guide → git clone on Windows→git clone URL Expanded guide Clone Git repository Copies a remote Git repository and its history into a new local working directory. Open expanded guide → git add on Windows→git add path Command guide Stage changes Stages file changes for the next commit. Open command guide → git commit on Windows→git commit -m "message" Command guide Create Git commit Records staged changes in repository history. Open command guide → git push on Windows→git push Command guide Push Git commits Uploads local commits to the configured remote. Open command guide → git pull on Windows→git pull --ff-only Command guide Pull Git changes Fetches and fast-forwards from the remote branch. Open command guide → git log on Windows→git log --oneline --graph --decorate Command guide Show Git history Displays compact commit history. Open command guide → git diff on Windows→git diff Command guide Show unstaged Git changes Displays line changes not yet staged. Open command guide → git branch on Windows→git branch -a Command guide List Git branches Lists local and remote branches. Open command guide → git switch on Windows→git switch BRANCH Command guide Switch Git branch Moves the working tree to another branch. Open command guide → git stash on Windows→git stash push -m "work in progress" Command guide Stash Git changes Temporarily shelves uncommitted changes. Open command guide → git remote on Windows→git remote -v Command guide Show Git remotes Lists configured repository remotes. Open command guide → Visual Studio build tools make→make Command guide Run Makefile build Executes build rules from a Makefile. Open command guide → MSBuild equivalent simple project→cmake --build build Command guide Build CMake project Builds an already configured CMake build directory. Open command guide → cmake configure on Windows→cmake -S . -B build Command guide Configure CMake project Generates build files in a separate build directory. Open command guide → ninja build on Windows→ninja -C build Command guide Run Ninja build Builds a project with Ninja. Open command guide → cl.exe compile C→gcc main.c -o app Expanded guide Compile C program Compiles a C source file into a Linux executable using GCC rather than the Microsoft C compiler. Open expanded guide → where python→python3 --version Command guide Check Python version Prints the installed Python version. Open command guide → py -m venv→python3 -m venv .venv Expanded guide Create Python virtual environment Creates an isolated Python environment so project packages can be installed separately from the system Python. Open expanded guide → pip install on Windows→python3 -m pip install PACKAGE Command guide Install Python package Installs a Python package into the active environment. Open command guide → pip freeze on Windows→python3 -m pip freeze Command guide List Python packages Prints installed Python packages and versions. Open command guide → pipx install on Windows→pipx install PACKAGE Command guide Install Python CLI app Installs a Python command-line app in an isolated environment. Open command guide → node --version on Windows→node --version Command guide Check Node.js version Prints Node.js version. Open command guide → npm install on Windows→npm install Expanded guide Install project dependencies Installs the Node.js dependencies declared by the current project and updates the local dependency tree. Open expanded guide → npm install -g on Windows→npm install -g PACKAGE Command guide Install global npm package Installs a global Node.js CLI package. Open command guide → npx on Windows→npx PACKAGE Command guide Run npm package command Runs an npm package binary without permanent global install. Open command guide → go version on Windows→go version Command guide Check Go version Prints Go toolchain version. Open command guide → go build on Windows→go build ./... Command guide Build Go packages Builds Go packages in the current module. Open command guide → go test on Windows→go test ./... Command guide Run Go tests Runs Go tests recursively. Open command guide → cargo version on Windows→cargo --version Command guide Check Cargo version Prints Rust Cargo version. Open command guide → cargo build on Windows→cargo build Command guide Build Rust project Builds a Rust package. Open command guide → cargo test on Windows→cargo test Command guide Run Rust tests Runs Rust project tests. Open command guide → java -version on Windows→java -version Command guide Check Java runtime Prints Java runtime version. Open command guide → javac on Windows→javac Main.java Command guide Compile Java source Compiles a Java source file. Open command guide → mvn test on Windows→mvn test Command guide Run Maven tests Runs test phase for a Maven project. Open command guide → gradle build on Windows→gradle build Command guide Build Gradle project Runs a Gradle build. Open command guide → code . on Windows→code . Command guide Open VS Code in folder Opens the current folder in VS Code when installed. Open command guide → notepad source file→nano file Command guide Edit text file in terminal Opens a text file in a terminal editor. Open command guide → Docker Desktop docker ps→docker Expanded guide List running containers Lists containers known to the Docker Engine, with running containers shown by default. Open expanded guide → Docker Desktop docker images→docker Command guide List container images Lists local Docker images. Open command guide → Docker Desktop docker run→docker Expanded guide Run container Creates and starts a container from an image using the Linux Docker Engine. Open expanded guide → Docker Desktop docker exec→docker Command guide Open shell in container Runs an interactive shell inside a running container. Open command guide → Docker Desktop docker logs→docker Expanded guide Follow container logs Reads stdout and stderr captured for a container and can follow new log output continuously. Open expanded guide → Docker Desktop docker build→docker Command guide Build container image Builds an image from a Dockerfile. Open command guide → Docker Desktop docker pull→docker Command guide Pull container image Downloads an image from a registry. Open command guide → Docker Desktop docker compose up→docker compose up -d Expanded guide Start Compose stack Creates or updates the services defined by a Compose file and starts the resulting containers. Open expanded guide → Docker Desktop docker compose down→docker compose down Command guide Stop Compose stack Stops and removes Compose containers/network. Open command guide → Docker Desktop docker compose logs→docker compose logs -f Command guide Follow Compose logs Streams logs from Compose services. Open command guide → Docker Desktop docker volume ls→docker Command guide List Docker volumes Lists named Docker volumes. Open command guide → Docker Desktop docker network ls→docker Command guide List Docker networks Lists Docker networks. Open command guide → Docker Desktop system prune→docker Command guide Clean unused Docker data Removes unused containers, networks, images and cache. Open command guide → podman on Windows→podman ps Command guide List Podman containers Lists running Podman containers. Open command guide → podman run on Windows→podman run --rm IMAGE Expanded guide Run Podman container Creates and starts a Podman container from an image, commonly using a rootless Linux workflow. Open expanded guide → Hyper-V Get-VM→virsh list --all Expanded guide List virtual machines Lists virtual machines managed by libvirt; it does not enumerate VMs from unrelated hypervisors. Open expanded guide → Hyper-V Start-VM→virsh start VM Command guide Start virtual machine Starts a libvirt VM. Open command guide → Hyper-V Stop-VM→virsh shutdown VM Command guide Shutdown virtual machine Requests a graceful shutdown of a libvirt VM. Open command guide → Hyper-V checkpoint→virsh snapshot-create-as VM SNAPSHOT Command guide Create VM snapshot Creates a libvirt VM snapshot. Open command guide → VBoxManage list vms→VBoxManage list vms Command guide List VirtualBox VMs Lists registered VirtualBox virtual machines. Open command guide → Device Manager PCI devices→lspci Expanded guide List PCI devices Lists PCI and PCIe hardware detected by Linux, including vendor and device identifiers. Open expanded guide → Device Manager USB devices→lsusb Expanded guide List USB devices Lists USB buses and devices detected by Linux and shows their vendor and product identifiers. Open expanded guide → Device Manager tree→lshw -short Command guide Show hardware tree Summarizes hardware devices and classes. Open command guide → pnputil loaded modules→lsmod Expanded guide List loaded kernel modules Lists kernel modules currently loaded into the running Linux kernel for drivers and other features. Open expanded guide → driver details→modinfo MODULE Command guide Show kernel module info Displays metadata and parameters for a kernel module. Open command guide → enable driver module→sudo modprobe MODULE Command guide Load kernel module Loads a Linux kernel module. Open command guide → disable driver module→sudo modprobe -r MODULE Command guide Unload kernel module Removes a loaded kernel module when not in use. Open command guide → Device Manager events→dmesg -w Expanded guide Follow kernel messages Follows new Linux kernel messages, which is useful while connecting hardware or loading drivers. Open expanded guide → Bluetooth settings→bluetoothctl Command guide Bluetooth control shell Pairs, trusts, connects and manages Bluetooth devices. Open command guide → airplane mode→rfkill list Command guide Show blocked radios Lists Wi-Fi and Bluetooth soft/hard block state. Open command guide → disable Wi-Fi radio→sudo rfkill block wifi Command guide Block Wi-Fi radio Soft-blocks Wi-Fi devices. Open command guide → enable Wi-Fi radio→sudo rfkill unblock wifi Command guide Unblock Wi-Fi radio Re-enables soft-blocked Wi-Fi devices. Open command guide → dxdiag GPU→glxinfo -B Command guide Show OpenGL GPU info Shows renderer, vendor and OpenGL driver details. Open command guide → vulkaninfo on Windows→vulkaninfo --summary Command guide Show Vulkan info Summarizes Vulkan devices and driver capabilities. Open command guide → nvidia-smi on Windows→nvidia-smi Expanded guide Show NVIDIA GPU status Displays NVIDIA GPU, driver, process and memory information when the proprietary NVIDIA driver provides the tool. Open expanded guide → Display Settings identify→xrandr --listmonitors Command guide List monitors on X11 Lists connected monitors in X11 sessions. Open command guide → Display Settings resolution→xrandr Command guide Show display modes on X11 Shows connected displays and available modes. Open command guide → Wayland monitor info→kscreen-doctor -o Command guide Show KDE Wayland outputs Lists KDE display outputs and modes. Open command guide → sound settings devices→wpctl status Command guide Show PipeWire audio devices Lists PipeWire audio devices and streams. Open command guide → volume mixer→pavucontrol Command guide Open PulseAudio/PipeWire mixer Opens a graphical audio mixer. Open command guide → printer settings→lpstat -p -d Expanded guide Show printers Shows configured CUPS printer queues and the current default printer from the command line. Open expanded guide → add printer driver→sudo lpadmin -p PRINTER -E -v URI -m everywhere Command guide Add IPP printer Adds a modern driverless IPP printer. Open command guide → Device Manager udev info→udevadm info --query=all --name=/dev/DEVICE Command guide Show udev device info Displays udev properties for a device node. Open command guide → refresh udev rules→sudo udevadm control --reload-rules && sudo udevadm trigger Command guide Reload udev rules Reloads and applies udev rules. Open command guide →