Browse the complete command library

dir→ls -la List directory contents Lists files and folders in the current (or specified) directory. Open full guide → cd→cd Change directory Navigates between directories. Same command name, but with important differences in path notation. Open full guide → copy→cp Copy files and folders Copies files or entire directory trees to another location. Open full guide → move→mv Move or rename files Moves files to a new location, or renames them. In Linux, renaming IS moving. Open full guide → del / erase→rm Delete files and folders Removes files or directories. Be very careful — Linux has no Recycle Bin by default. Open full guide → mkdir→mkdir Create new directories Creates one or more new directories. Same name, but with a useful extra flag. Open full guide → type→cat Display file contents Shows the contents of a text file in the terminal. Also used to combine files. Open full guide → ipconfig→ip addr show Show network configuration Displays IP addresses, network interfaces, and connection details. Open full guide → ping→ping Test network connectivity Sends ICMP echo requests to test if a host is reachable. Same name, but runs forever by default on Linux. Open full guide → tracert→traceroute Trace network route to host Shows each network hop between your machine and a destination, helping diagnose where connections slow down or fail. Open full guide → netstat→ss -tuln Show network connections Displays active network connections, listening ports, and socket statistics. Open full guide → chkdsk→fsck Check filesystem integrity Scans and repairs filesystem errors on a disk or partition. Open full guide → format→mkfs.ext4 Format a disk/partition Creates a new filesystem on a disk partition, erasing all existing data. Open full guide → diskpart / fdisk→fdisk / parted Manage disk partitions Creates, deletes, and modifies disk partitions. Use with extreme care. Open full guide → tasklist→ps aux List running processes Shows all currently running processes, like the Processes tab in Task Manager. Open full guide → taskkill→kill / killall Stop/terminate a process Ends a running process by its process ID (PID) or name. Open full guide → cls→clear Clear the terminal screen Clears all text from the terminal window. Open full guide → echo→echo Print text to terminal Displays a line of text. Also used in scripts for variable output. Open full guide → set→export / env View or set environment variables Lists or modifies environment variables available in the current session. Open full guide → find→find Search for files and directories Searches for files matching given criteria anywhere in the filesystem. Open full guide → findstr→grep Search text within files Searches for text patterns inside files. One of the most-used Linux commands. Open full guide → systeminfo→uname -a Display system information Shows OS version, hardware details, memory, and system configuration. Open full guide → shutdown→shutdown Shutdown or restart the system Powers off, reboots, or schedules a shutdown of the Linux system. Open full guide → whoami→whoami Show current username Displays the username of the currently logged-in user. Open full guide → runas→sudo Run command as administrator Executes a command with elevated privileges (as root/superuser). Open full guide → ren / rename→mv / rename Rename files Renames a file or batch-renames multiple files matching a pattern. Open full guide → attrib→chmod / chown Change file permissions/attributes Controls who can read, write, or execute a file. Linux uses a more powerful permission model than Windows. Open full guide → xcopy→rsync -av Advanced copy with sync & progress Copies directories with more control than cp — supports sync, progress display, resume, and remote copying. Open full guide → tree→tree Display directory tree Shows the directory structure as a visual tree. May need to be installed on Linux. Open full guide → pushd / popd→pushd / popd Save and restore directory location Saves your current directory to a stack so you can jump back to it later after navigating elsewhere. Open full guide → more→less Page through large files Displays large text files one screen at a time, allowing you to scroll up and down. Open full guide → nslookup→dig / nslookup Look up DNS records Queries DNS servers to resolve hostnames to IP addresses and inspect DNS records. Open full guide → ftp→scp / sftp Transfer files over network Transfers files between computers over a network. Linux has several options with different security levels. Open full guide → net use→mount / smbclient Connect to network shares Mounts a network share (Windows SMB/CIFS share or NFS) so you can access it like a local folder. Open full guide → netsh wlan show profiles→nmcli Manage Wi-Fi connections Lists, connects to, and manages wireless network profiles. Open full guide → winget install / choco install→apt install Install software packages Installs programs and tools from an online repository — like an App Store for the terminal. Open full guide → winget uninstall→apt remove / purge Uninstall software packages Removes installed packages from the system. Open full guide → Windows Update→apt update && apt upgrade Update the system and all software Downloads and installs updates for the OS and all installed packages. Open full guide → where→which / whereis Find where a command is installed Locates the full path of an executable command or program. Open full guide → services.msc / net start→systemctl Manage system services Starts, stops, restarts, and checks the status of background services (like Windows Services). Open full guide → eventvwr / Event Viewer→journalctl View system logs Reads logs from the systemd journal — the Linux equivalent of Windows Event Viewer. Open full guide → sc query→systemctl list-units List all services and their status Shows all installed services and whether they are running, stopped, or failed. Open full guide → net user→useradd / usermod Create and manage user accounts Adds new users, changes user properties, and manages user accounts on the system. Open full guide → net localgroup→groupadd / groups Manage user groups Creates groups, adds users to groups, and lists group memberships. Open full guide → net user username /passwordreq→passwd Change user passwords Sets or changes a user account password. Open full guide → sort→sort Sort lines of text Sorts the lines of a text file or input alphabetically, numerically, or by other criteria. Open full guide → fc→diff Compare two files Compares two files and shows the differences between them line by line. Open full guide → wc (word count — no Windows equiv)→wc Count words, lines, characters Counts lines, words, and characters in a file or piped input. Very useful in scripts. Open full guide → clip / clip.exe→xclip / xsel Copy output to clipboard Pipes command output directly into the clipboard so you can paste it elsewhere. Open full guide → msconfig / Task Scheduler→crontab -e Schedule recurring tasks Runs commands or scripts automatically on a schedule — like Windows Task Scheduler. Open full guide → msinfo32 / dxdiag→lshw / inxi Full hardware information Displays detailed hardware inventory — CPU, RAM, motherboard, GPU, and more. Open full guide → perfmon / Resource Monitor→vmstat / iostat Monitor system performance Shows real-time statistics on CPU, memory, disk I/O, and system activity. Open full guide → date /t & time /t→date Display or set date and time Shows the current date and time, or sets the system clock. Open full guide → doskey /history→history View command history Shows previously run commands. Linux keeps a much longer history than Windows. Open full guide → cmd /k (set title)→alias Create command shortcuts (aliases) Creates short nicknames for long commands. Add them to ~/.bashrc to make them permanent. Open full guide → start (open file/URL)→xdg-open Open files with default application Opens a file, folder, or URL with the appropriate default application — like double-clicking in the file manager. Open full guide → break→Ctrl+C Interrupt a running command Stops a currently running command or script. Ctrl+C sends SIGINT to the foreground process. Open full guide → pause→read -p Pause a script and wait for keypress Halts a script and waits for the user to press a key before continuing. Used frequently in batch files. Open full guide → rem / ::→# Add comments to scripts Adds human-readable comments to shell scripts that are ignored during execution. Open full guide → exit→exit Exit the shell or return an exit code Closes the current shell session or exits a script, optionally with a numeric return code. Open full guide → if→if [ condition ]; then ... fi Conditional branching in scripts Tests a condition and executes different code depending on whether it is true or false. Open full guide → for→for ... in ...; do ... done Loop over a list or range Repeats a block of commands for each item in a list, range, or set of files. Open full guide → while (goto loop)→while [ condition ]; do ... done Loop while a condition is true Repeatedly executes commands as long as a condition remains true. Open full guide → goto→functions / break / continue Control flow — replace GOTO with functions Bash has no GOTO. Use functions, break, continue, or restructure logic with loops and conditionals. Open full guide → shift→shift Shift script argument positions Shifts positional parameters ($1, $2...) left by one. Used to process command-line arguments in scripts. Open full guide → %errorlevel%→$? Check command success or failure exit code Reads the exit status of the last command. 0 means success; any non-zero value means failure. Open full guide → set /a (arithmetic)→$(( expression )) Perform arithmetic calculations Evaluates mathematical expressions in scripts or at the command line. Open full guide → title→echo -ne "\033]0;My Title\007" Set the terminal window title Changes the title text shown in the terminal emulator's title bar. Open full guide → path→echo $PATH / export PATH View or modify the command search path Shows or modifies the list of directories the shell searches when you type a command. Open full guide → rd / rmdir→rmdir / rm -r Remove directories Deletes empty directories (rmdir) or directories with all their contents (rm -r). Open full guide → copy con→cat > filename Create a file from keyboard input Lets you type content directly into a new file from the terminal, without opening an editor. Open full guide → verify / certutil -hashfile→sha256sum Verify file integrity with checksums Generates or checks checksums to verify that files have not been corrupted or tampered with. Open full guide → mklink→ln -s Create symbolic and hard links Creates symbolic links (shortcuts) or hard links pointing to files or directories. Open full guide → cacls / icacls→getfacl / setfacl Advanced file access control lists (ACL) Views and sets fine-grained file permissions beyond the basic owner/group/other model. Open full guide → openfiles→lsof List open files and which process uses them Shows which files, sockets, and devices are currently open and by which processes. Open full guide → label→e2label / tune2fs -L Set or view disk volume label Assigns a human-readable name (label) to a disk partition for easier identification. Open full guide → wbadmin / disk image→dd Create raw byte-for-byte disk images Creates a complete raw copy of an entire disk or partition — useful for backups, imaging, and forensics. Open full guide → diskpart clean / clean all→wipefs / shred Wipe or sanitise a disk Removes filesystem signatures from a disk or securely overwrites all data to prevent recovery. Open full guide → dir /s /b (recursive list)→find . -type f List all files recursively Recursively lists every file in a directory tree, one per line — no directories, just files. Open full guide → dir /od (sort by date)→find . -mtime -1 Find recently modified files Locates files modified within a specific time window. Open full guide → findstr /r (regex)→grep -E Search using extended regular expressions Searches text using extended regular expressions for complex pattern matching. Open full guide → type (first lines)→head Display the first lines of a file Shows only the first N lines of a file — useful for quickly previewing large files. Open full guide → type (end of file / logs)→tail Display the last lines of a file Shows the last N lines of a file. With -f, follows the file in real-time — essential for watching logs. Open full guide → findstr /v (invert)→tac Print file in reverse line order Outputs a file with lines in reverse order — last line first. The name is 'cat' backwards. Open full guide → sort /unique→sort | uniq Filter duplicate adjacent lines Removes or counts duplicate lines. Must be used after sorting — it only removes adjacent duplicates. Open full guide → findstr (character replace — n/a)→tr Translate or delete characters Replaces, deletes, or squeezes individual characters in text — a character-level find and replace. Open full guide → for /f (field parsing)→cut Extract columns or fields from text Cuts out sections of each line — by delimiter-separated field number or character position. Open full guide → type (awk — no equiv)→awk Process and extract columns from structured text A powerful text-processing tool that splits lines into fields and lets you extract, transform, and report on structured text. Open full guide → type file | clip (base64 — no equiv)→base64 Encode or decode Base64 Converts binary data to Base64 text encoding and back. Common in APIs, certificates, and email attachments. Open full guide → ipconfig /flushdns→sudo resolvectl flush-caches Flush the DNS resolver cache Clears locally cached DNS records, forcing fresh lookups on the next DNS request. Open full guide → ipconfig /release and /renew→dhclient Release and renew DHCP lease Releases the current DHCP IP address and requests a new one from the DHCP server. Open full guide → net view→smbclient -L / nmap -sn View computers and shares on the network Lists computers visible on the local network and shared resources on a specific host. Open full guide → net time / w32tm→timedatectl View and sync system time via NTP Shows time synchronisation status and synchronises the system clock with an NTP time server. Open full guide → getmac→ip link show Display MAC addresses of network interfaces Shows the hardware (MAC) address of each network interface card. Open full guide → netsh int ip set address (static IP)→nmcli con mod CONNECTION ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.50/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1 ipv4.method manual Configure a static IP address Assigns a permanent static IP address to a network interface using NetworkManager. Open full guide → netsh advfirewall (firewall rules)→ufw Manage firewall rules Controls which network traffic is allowed through the system's firewall. Open full guide → pathping→mtr Combined ping and traceroute with statistics Continuously monitors each network hop showing real-time packet loss and latency per hop. Open full guide → nmap (Nmap for Windows)→nmap Network port scanner and host discovery Scans networks and hosts to discover open ports, running services, OS versions, and security issues. Open full guide → logoff→logout / pkill -KILL -u username Log off the current user session Ends the current user session, closing all running processes owned by that user. Open full guide → hibernate→systemctl hibernate Hibernate — save state to disk and power off Saves the current RAM state to disk and powers off. On next boot, the session resumes exactly where you left off. Open full guide → cleanmgr (Disk Cleanup)→package cache cleanup / journalctl vacuum Free up disk space Removes temporary files, old package caches, and other items that can safely be deleted to recover disk space. Open full guide → msconfig / systemd-analyze→systemd-analyze Analyse system boot performance Shows total boot time and which services took the longest to start. Open full guide → regsvr32 (register DLL)→sudo ldconfig Update shared library cache Updates the dynamic linker cache after installing new shared libraries (.so files) — the Linux equivalent of registering a DLL. Open full guide → net session / query user→who / w / last See who is currently logged in Lists currently logged-in users, what they are doing, and recent login history. Open full guide → sc create / sc delete→systemd unit files in /etc/systemd/system/ Create a custom systemd service Defines a new system service by creating a unit file, then enables and starts it. Open full guide → wmic bios get serialnumber→sudo dmidecode Read BIOS and hardware serial numbers Reads hardware information from the system BIOS/UEFI including serial numbers, model numbers, and firmware versions. Open full guide → powercfg /batteryreport→acpi / upower Battery status and health Shows battery charge level, time remaining, and health information on laptops. Open full guide → wmic temperature / Core Temp→sensors Read CPU and hardware temperatures Displays temperature readings from CPU, GPU, and motherboard sensors. Open full guide → winver / About Windows→neofetch / fastfetch Display OS info with ASCII art logo Shows system information in a visually attractive format — distro, kernel, uptime, CPU, RAM, and more. Open full guide → uptime (Task Manager → Performance)→uptime Show how long the system has been running Displays how long the system has been running since the last boot, along with current CPU load averages. Open full guide → devmgmt.msc (Device Manager)→lspci / lsusb / dmesg View hardware devices and drivers Lists hardware devices, their drivers, and status — the Linux equivalent of Device Manager. Open full guide → taskmgr (Task Manager)→htop / btop Interactive process and resource monitor Opens a real-time interactive view of CPU, memory, disk, and network usage with process management. Open full guide → wmic memorychip get→sudo dmidecode -t memory Display physical RAM module details Shows information about physical RAM modules including size, speed, type, and which slots are populated. Open full guide → wmic startup / msconfig Startup→systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled List programs set to run at startup Shows all services and programs configured to start automatically when the system boots. Open full guide → dpkg -i / msiexec /i→apt install ./package.deb Install a manually downloaded .deb package Installs a local .deb package file you have downloaded manually, rather than from a repository. Open full guide → gpupdate /force→puppet / ansible / chef Apply configuration management policies Applies centralised configuration policies — the Linux equivalent of Group Policy Update. Open full guide → regedit (Windows Registry)→/etc/ and ~/.config/ System and application configuration storage Linux stores all configuration in plain text files rather than a registry. System config is in /etc/, user config is in ~/.config/ and dotfiles. Open full guide → assoc / ftype (file extension to program)→xdg-mime Manage file type associations Views or changes which application opens files of a particular type. Open full guide → Compress-Archive→zip -r archive.zip folder/ Create a ZIP archive Compresses files or folders into a standard ZIP archive. Open full guide → Expand-Archive→unzip archive.zip Extract a ZIP archive Extracts files from a ZIP archive into the current directory or a chosen destination. Open full guide → tar.exe -cf→tar -cf archive.tar folder/ Create a TAR archive Combines files and directories into a TAR archive without necessarily compressing them. Open full guide → tar.exe -xf→tar -xf archive.tar Extract a TAR archive Extracts TAR, tar.gz, tar.xz and other tar-based archives. Open full guide → compact /c→gzip file.log Compress individual files Compresses individual files using gzip or xz to reduce their stored size. Open full guide → compact /u→gunzip file.log.gz Decompress individual files Restores files previously compressed with gzip or xz. Open full guide → 7z a→7z a archive.7z folder/ Create a 7-Zip archive Creates 7z, ZIP and other supported archive formats with the 7-Zip command-line tool. Open full guide → 7z x→7z x archive.7z Extract a 7-Zip archive Extracts 7z, ZIP, RAR and many other archive formats while preserving directory paths. Open full guide → PowerShell New-Item -ItemType File→touch filename.txt Create an empty file Creates a new empty file or updates an existing file timestamp. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Item→stat filename.txt Inspect file metadata Displays detailed metadata such as file size, permissions, timestamps, owner and inode number. Open full guide → PowerShell Resolve-Path→realpath path/to/file Resolve an absolute path Converts a relative path or symbolic link into its normalized absolute path. Open full guide → fsutil file createnew→truncate -s 100M test.img Create a file of a chosen size Creates an empty or preallocated file with a specific size. Open full guide → subst→sudo mount --bind /source /mountpoint Map a directory to another path Makes an existing directory tree accessible at a second mount point. Open full guide → takeown→sudo chown user:group path Change file ownership Changes the user or group that owns a file or directory. Open full guide → robocopy→rsync -avh source/ destination/ Synchronize directory trees Copies and synchronizes directories efficiently, transferring only changed content when possible. Open full guide → PowerShell Set-Content→printf "%s " "text" > file.txt Replace file contents Writes new content to a file, replacing the previous contents. Open full guide → PowerShell Add-Content→printf "%s " "text" | tee -a file.txt Append content to a file Adds new text to the end of an existing file without replacing its current contents. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-FileHash→sha256sum filename.iso Calculate a file checksum Calculates a cryptographic checksum used to verify downloads and detect file changes. Open full guide → PowerShell Test-Path→test -e path Check whether a path exists Tests whether a file, directory or other path exists for use in shell scripts. Open full guide → dir /b→ls -1 List names only Prints one file or directory name per line without detailed metadata. Open full guide → arp -a→ip neigh show Show the neighbor table Displays recently discovered IP-to-MAC address mappings for devices on local networks. Open full guide → route print→ip route show Show the routing table Displays routes used to decide where network traffic should be sent. Open full guide → hostname→hostnamectl Show or change the computer name Displays the current host name and, with administrator privileges, changes the persistent system host name. Open full guide → netsh interface show interface→ip link show List network interfaces Displays network interfaces and whether each link is up or down. Open full guide → netsh wlan show interfaces→nmcli device show Inspect the active Wi-Fi connection Shows wireless interfaces, connection state, SSID, signal and other Wi-Fi information. Open full guide → netsh wlan show networks→nmcli device wifi list Scan for nearby Wi-Fi networks Lists visible wireless networks, channels, signal strength and security information. Open full guide → Test-NetConnection→nc -vz host port Test a TCP port or web endpoint Checks whether a remote host and port accept connections, or whether an HTTP endpoint responds. Open full guide → Resolve-DnsName→dig example.com Query DNS records Looks up DNS records such as A, AAAA, MX, TXT and NS entries. Open full guide → PowerShell Invoke-WebRequest→curl -LO URL Download or request web content Makes HTTP requests, downloads files and inspects server responses. Open full guide → bitsadmin /transfer→wget -c URL Download a file non-interactively Downloads files from HTTP, HTTPS or FTP sources from a script or terminal session. Open full guide → telnet→nc host port Open a basic TCP connection Connects to a TCP host and port for simple protocol testing and troubleshooting. Open full guide → ssh→ssh user@host Open a secure remote shell Connects securely to a remote Linux, Unix or SSH-enabled system. Open full guide → scp→scp file user@host:/path/ Copy files over SSH Transfers files or directories securely between local and remote systems. Open full guide → pktmon→sudo tcpdump -i any Capture network packets Captures packets from network interfaces for troubleshooting and protocol analysis. Open full guide → netsh winhttp show proxy→env | grep -i proxy Inspect proxy settings Shows proxy environment variables used by command-line applications and package managers. Open full guide → diskmgmt.msc→gparted Manage disks graphically Provides a graphical interface for viewing disks, creating partitions, formatting volumes and managing mounts. Open full guide → fsutil volume diskfree→df -h Show free filesystem space Displays used and available capacity for mounted filesystems. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Volume→lsblk -f List volumes and filesystems Shows block devices, filesystem types, labels, UUIDs and mount points. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-PhysicalDisk→lsblk -d -o NAME,MODEL,SIZE,ROTA,TRAN Inspect physical drives Displays physical disks, model names, sizes, transport types and health information. Open full guide → defrag→sudo fstrim -av Optimize storage maintenance Discards unused SSD blocks or defragments an ext4 filesystem when appropriate. Open full guide → manage-bde→sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 secure Manage encrypted volumes Creates, opens and closes LUKS-encrypted Linux block devices. Open full guide → mountvol→findmnt View or manage mount points Lists mounted filesystems and attaches or detaches a filesystem from the directory tree. Open full guide → wmic diskdrive get status→smartctl Check drive health Reads SMART health status and diagnostics reported by a physical disk. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Process→ps aux Find running processes Lists running processes or searches for processes by name. Open full guide → PowerShell Stop-Process→kill PID Stop a process Requests that a process exit or forcefully terminates it when necessary. Open full guide → PowerShell Start-Process→nohup command > output.log 2>&1 & Start a detached process Launches a program in the background and optionally keeps it running after the terminal closes. Open full guide → timeout /t→sleep 5 Pause a script Waits for a specified amount of time before continuing. Open full guide → start /b→command & Run a command in the background Starts a command without blocking the shell from accepting additional input. Open full guide → start /wait→wait PID Wait for background jobs Pauses a shell script until one or more background processes finish. Open full guide → wmic process get processid→ps -eo pid,comm,args List process IDs and commands Displays process IDs together with executable names and complete command lines. Open full guide → winget search→apt search / pacman -Ss / dnf search Search available packages Searches configured software repositories for packages matching a name or description. Open full guide → winget list→dpkg -l / pacman -Q / dnf list installed List installed packages Displays packages currently installed through the system package manager. Open full guide → winget upgrade --all→apt upgrade / pacman -Syu / dnf upgrade Upgrade installed packages Downloads and installs available updates from configured package repositories. Open full guide → winget source update→apt update / pacman -Sy / dnf makecache Refresh repository metadata Downloads the latest package lists and repository metadata without necessarily installing updates. Open full guide → choco outdated→apt list --upgradable / checkupdates / dnf check-update Check for available updates Lists installed packages for which newer repository versions are available. Open full guide → Add-AppxPackage→flatpak install flathub APP_ID Install a sandboxed desktop application Installs a desktop application from a Flatpak repository such as Flathub. Open full guide → Get-AppxPackage→flatpak list --app List sandboxed applications Lists installed Flatpak applications and runtimes. Open full guide → Remove-AppxPackage→flatpak uninstall APP_ID Remove a sandboxed application Uninstalls a Flatpak application and optionally cleans unused runtimes. Open full guide → Microsoft Store→flatpak search QUERY Browse desktop applications Provides a central catalog of Linux desktop applications distributed as Flatpaks. Open full guide → msiexec /x→apt remove / pacman -R / dnf remove Uninstall a package Removes software installed through the distribution package manager. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Service→systemctl list-units --type=service List system services Shows loaded services and their current active, inactive or failed state. Open full guide → PowerShell Start-Service→sudo systemctl start SERVICE Start a service Starts a systemd service immediately for the current boot. Open full guide → PowerShell Stop-Service→sudo systemctl stop SERVICE Stop a service Stops a running systemd service for the current boot. Open full guide → PowerShell Restart-Service→sudo systemctl restart SERVICE Restart a service Stops and starts a systemd service so configuration or runtime state is reloaded. Open full guide → PowerShell Set-Service -StartupType→sudo systemctl enable SERVICE Configure startup behavior Controls whether a systemd service starts automatically during boot. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-LocalUser→getent passwd List local and directory users Lists user accounts known through local files and configured identity services. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-LocalGroup→getent group List groups Lists local and directory-backed groups known to the system. Open full guide → PowerShell New-LocalUser→sudo useradd -m USER Create a user account Creates a new local Linux user and optionally a home directory and login shell. Open full guide → PowerShell Add-LocalGroupMember→sudo usermod -aG GROUP USER Add a user to a group Adds an existing user to a supplementary group. Open full guide → net user username /active:no→sudo usermod -L USER Lock a user account Locks password-based login for a local account without deleting the account or its files. Open full guide → net user username /active:yes→sudo usermod -U USER Unlock a user account Re-enables password authentication for a previously locked account. Open full guide → runas /user→sudo -u USER command Run a command as another user Executes one command or opens a login shell using another user account. Open full guide → PowerShell Select-String→grep PATTERN FILE Search text patterns Finds lines matching a string or regular expression in files or piped input. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Content -Wait→tail -f FILE Follow a growing file Prints new lines as they are appended to a log or other text file. Open full guide → PowerShell Measure-Object→wc FILE Count lines, words and bytes Counts lines, words, bytes or characters in text files and streams. Open full guide → PowerShell Compare-Object→diff -u old.txt new.txt Compare text files Shows line-by-line differences or compares two already sorted lists. Open full guide → PowerShell ForEach-Object→xargs COMMAND Run a command for each input item Consumes a list or stream and runs another command for each item. Open full guide → PowerShell Where-Object→awk CONDITION Filter records Keeps only lines or fields that satisfy a textual or numeric condition. Open full guide → PowerShell Out-File→command > output.txt Write command output to a file Saves standard output to a file, either replacing or appending to it. Open full guide → PowerShell Tee-Object→command | tee output.txt Display and save output Copies piped output both to the terminal and to one or more files. Open full guide → PowerShell ConvertFrom-Json→jq EXPRESSION file.json Read and query JSON Parses JSON and selects fields, array elements or transformed output. Open full guide → PowerShell ConvertTo-Json→jq -n OBJECT Create or transform JSON Builds JSON values or reshapes existing JSON data from the command line. Open full guide → cd with current path→pwd Print current directory Shows the current working directory, similar to checking the current folder in CMD. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Location→pwd Show current directory Prints the absolute path of the current working directory. Open full guide → PowerShell Set-Location→cd /path/to/folder Change directory Moves the shell into another directory. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-ChildItem -Force→ls -la List files including hidden files Shows normal and hidden dotfiles with detailed metadata. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-ChildItem -Recurse→find . Recursively list files Walks a directory tree and prints matching files and folders. Open full guide → PowerShell Copy-Item→cp source destination Copy a file Copies files from one path to another. Open full guide → PowerShell Copy-Item -Recurse→cp -r source_dir destination_dir Copy folders recursively Copies a directory and its contents. Open full guide → PowerShell Move-Item→mv source destination Move files or folders Moves or renames paths. Open full guide → PowerShell Rename-Item→mv old_name new_name Rename a file Renames a file or directory. Open full guide → PowerShell Remove-Item→rm file Remove a file Deletes a file from the filesystem. Open full guide → PowerShell Remove-Item -Recurse -Force→rm -rf directory Force-remove a folder tree Deletes a directory tree without prompting. Open full guide → PowerShell Split-Path→dirname /path/to/file Return parent path Prints the directory portion of a path. Open full guide → PowerShell Split-Path -Leaf→basename /path/to/file Return filename from path Prints the final component of a path. Open full guide → PowerShell Join-Path→printf "%s/%s\n" "$dir" "$name" Join path components Combines directory and filename strings in shell scripts. Open full guide → dir /a→ls -la Show all files Lists hidden and non-hidden files. Open full guide → dir /o:n→ls | sort Sort directory listing by name Sorts file names alphabetically. Open full guide → dir /o:s→ls -lS Sort directory listing by size Shows large files first. Open full guide → dir /q→ls -l Show file owner Displays owner and group in a long listing. Open full guide → copy /y→cp -f source destination Copy and overwrite Copies while forcing overwrite of the target. Open full guide → move /y→mv -f source destination Move and overwrite Moves while forcing overwrite of the target. Open full guide → del /q→rm -f file Delete without prompting Removes a file without interactive confirmation. Open full guide → del /s→find . -name "PATTERN" -type f -delete Delete recursively by pattern Finds matching files under a tree and deletes them. Open full guide → xcopy /e→cp -a source_dir destination_dir Copy directory tree Copies folders recursively while preserving common metadata. Open full guide → xcopy /d→rsync -au source/ destination/ Copy only newer files Copies files only when the source is newer than the target. Open full guide → robocopy /e→rsync -a source/ destination/ Robust recursive copy Mirrors a directory tree without deleting extra target files. Open full guide → robocopy /mir→rsync -a --delete source/ destination/ Mirror directories Synchronizes a destination so it matches the source. Open full guide → robocopy /xo→rsync -au source/ destination/ Skip older source files Copies only files that are newer than existing destination files. Open full guide → robocopy /z→rsync -a --partial --progress source/ destination/ Resume interrupted copy Keeps partial transfers and shows transfer progress. Open full guide → fsutil hardlink create→ln existing_file hardlink_name Create hard link Creates another directory entry pointing to the same file inode. Open full guide → mklink /H→ln target hardlink_name Create file hard link Creates a Linux hard link for a regular file. Open full guide → mklink /D→ln -s target link_name Create directory symlink Creates a symbolic link to a directory. Open full guide → mklink /J→mount --bind /real/path /mount/path Create junction-like bind mount Uses a bind mount for a directory-to-directory mapping. Open full guide → attrib +h→mv file .file Hide a file Linux hides files by naming them with a leading dot. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Acl→getfacl file Show ACL permissions Displays POSIX ACLs where ACL support is enabled. Open full guide → PowerShell Set-Acl→setfacl -m u:USER:rw file Set ACL permissions Modifies POSIX ACL entries for users or groups. Open full guide → icacls file→getfacl file View file ACLs Shows detailed access-control entries. Open full guide → icacls /grant→setfacl -m u:USER:rwx file Grant ACL permissions Grants explicit permissions to a user. Open full guide → icacls /reset→setfacl -b file Reset ACL entries Removes extended ACL entries from a file. Open full guide → takeown /r→sudo chown -R USER:GROUP path Take ownership recursively Changes owner and group recursively. Open full guide → sdelete file→shred -u file Secure-delete a file Overwrites and removes a file when secure deletion is appropriate. Open full guide → comp→cmp file1 file2 Compare binary files Compares files byte-for-byte and reports the first difference. Open full guide → fc /b→cmp file1 file2 Binary file compare Compares two files as binary data. Open full guide → tar.exe -tf→tar -tf archive.tar List tar archive contents Lists files inside a tar archive without extracting it. Open full guide → unzip -l on Windows→unzip -l archive.zip List zip archive contents Lists files in a zip without extracting them. Open full guide → zip recursive folder→zip -r archive.zip folder Create recursive zip Compresses a folder tree into a zip file. Open full guide → gzip file→gzip -k file Compress with gzip Creates a .gz file while optionally keeping the original. Open full guide → xz file→xz -T0 file Compress with xz Creates a high-compression .xz file using available CPU threads. Open full guide → expand cabinet file→cabextract file.cab Extract CAB archive Extracts Microsoft cabinet archives on Linux. Open full guide → findstr /s→grep -R "pattern" path/ Search recursively Searches files under a directory tree. Open full guide → findstr /i→grep -i "pattern" file Case-insensitive search Matches text without case sensitivity. Open full guide → findstr /n→grep -n "pattern" file Show matching line numbers Prints line numbers beside matches. Open full guide → findstr /c→grep -F "literal text" file Search literal string Searches fixed text instead of regex syntax. Open full guide → findstr /b→grep "^pattern" file Match beginning of line Uses a regex anchor to match the start of lines. Open full guide → findstr /e→grep "pattern$" file Match end of line Uses a regex anchor to match line endings. Open full guide → Select-String -NotMatch→grep -v "pattern" file Invert text search Prints lines that do not match a pattern. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Content -Head→head -n 20 file Show first lines Prints the beginning of a file. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Content -Tail→tail -n 20 file Show last lines Prints the end of a file. Open full guide → PowerShell Select-Object -First→head -n 10 Keep first records Limits pipeline output to the first records. Open full guide → PowerShell Select-Object -Last→tail -n 10 Keep last records Limits pipeline output to the last records. Open full guide → PowerShell Select-Object -Unique→sort -u Keep unique records Sorts and removes duplicate lines. Open full guide → PowerShell Group-Object→sort | uniq -c Group and count records Groups identical lines and counts occurrences. Open full guide → PowerShell -replace→sed "s/old/new/g" file Replace text with regex Performs stream text substitution. Open full guide → PowerShell Format-Table→column -t Align tabular text Formats delimited text into aligned columns. Open full guide → sort /r→sort -r file Reverse sort Sorts lines in reverse order. Open full guide → sort /+N→sort -k N file Sort by field Sorts text using a field key. Open full guide → Get-Unique→uniq Remove adjacent duplicates Filters repeated neighboring lines. Open full guide → fc /n→diff -u file1 file2 Compare text with context Shows unified differences between text files. Open full guide → PowerShell Compare-Object -IncludeEqual→comm file1 file2 Compare sorted files Compares sorted files and can show common lines. Open full guide → certutil -encode→base64 file Base64 encode a file Encodes binary data as base64 text. Open full guide → certutil -decode→base64 -d file.b64 Base64 decode a file Decodes base64 text back to binary data. Open full guide → PowerShell ConvertFrom-Csv→mlr --icsv cat file.csv Read CSV records Processes CSV as structured records with Miller when installed. Open full guide → PowerShell Export-Csv→mlr --ocsv cat > file.csv Write CSV records Writes structured records as CSV with Miller when installed. Open full guide → PowerShell ConvertFrom-Json object field→jq ".field" file.json Read JSON field Extracts a field from JSON. Open full guide → PowerShell ConvertTo-Json compact→jq -c . file.json Compact JSON Prints compact one-line JSON. Open full guide → hexdump in PowerShell Format-Hex→xxd file Hex dump a file Displays binary files as hexadecimal bytes. Open full guide → PowerShell Format-Hex→hexdump -C file Canonical hex dump Shows offsets, hex bytes and printable text. Open full guide → strings.exe→strings file Extract printable strings Prints readable strings from binary files. Open full guide → PowerShell Out-String→cat Emit text stream Passes file or command text through stdout. Open full guide → PowerShell Out-GridView→fzf Interactive filtering Uses fuzzy finder for interactive terminal filtering. Open full guide → PowerShell Select-Object property→awk "{print $1}" Select fields Prints selected fields from structured text. Open full guide → PowerShell ForEach-Object split→cut -d: -f1 Cut delimited fields Extracts fields from delimiter-separated lines. Open full guide → paste files→paste file1 file2 Merge lines side by side Combines corresponding lines from multiple files. Open full guide → join files→join file1 file2 Join sorted files Joins lines from two sorted files on a common field. Open full guide → split large file→split -b 100M file part_ Split a large file Splits a file into fixed-size chunks. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Random lines→shuf file Shuffle lines Randomizes the order of lines. Open full guide → nl file→nl -ba file Number lines Adds line numbers to file output. Open full guide → fold long lines→fold -w 80 file Wrap long lines Wraps long text lines to a target width. Open full guide → expand tabs→expand -t 4 file Convert tabs to spaces Expands tab characters into spaces. Open full guide → unexpand spaces→unexpand -t 4 file Convert spaces to tabs Converts leading spaces back into tabs. Open full guide → ipconfig /all→ip addr && nmcli device show Show full network configuration Displays addresses, interfaces, DNS and connection details. Open full guide → ipconfig /displaydns→resolvectl statistics Inspect DNS resolver cache status Shows resolver/cache statistics on systemd-resolved systems. Open full guide → netsh interface ipv4 show dnsservers→nmcli device show | grep DNS Show DNS servers Displays DNS servers assigned to active network devices. Open full guide → netsh interface ipv4 set dns→nmcli con mod "CONNECTION" ipv4.dns "1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8" Set DNS servers Configures DNS servers for a NetworkManager connection. Open full guide → netsh wlan show profile key=clear→nmcli connection show "SSID" --show-secrets Show saved Wi-Fi profile Shows saved Wi-Fi connection details and secrets when permitted. Open full guide → netsh wlan connect→nmcli device wifi connect "SSID" password "PASSWORD" Connect to Wi-Fi Connects to a wireless network from the terminal. Open full guide → netsh wlan delete profile→nmcli connection delete "SSID" Delete saved Wi-Fi profile Removes a saved NetworkManager connection profile. Open full guide → netsh wlan export profile→nmcli connection export "SSID" Export connection profile Exports a NetworkManager connection profile. Open full guide → netsh wlan add profile→nmcli connection import type wifi file profile.nmconnection Import connection profile Imports a NetworkManager connection profile. Open full guide → arp -d→sudo ip neigh flush all Clear ARP/neighbor cache Flushes the neighbor table. Open full guide → arp -s→sudo ip neigh add IP lladdr MAC dev IFACE Add static neighbor entry Adds a static IP-to-MAC neighbor mapping. Open full guide → route add→sudo ip route add 10.0.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 Add route Adds a route to the kernel routing table. Open full guide → route delete→sudo ip route del 10.0.0.0/24 Delete route Removes a route from the kernel routing table. Open full guide → route change→sudo ip route replace 10.0.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.254 Replace route Changes a route atomically by replacing it. Open full guide → netstat -ano→ss -tunlp Show listening ports and processes Lists TCP/UDP sockets with process information. Open full guide → netstat -ab→sudo ss -tulpn Show programs using ports Shows listening sockets and process names with privileges. Open full guide → netstat -rn→ip route Show routing table Prints routes in the kernel routing table. Open full guide → netstat -s→ss -s Show socket statistics Summarizes TCP/UDP socket state counts. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-NetTCPConnection→ss -tuna List TCP connections Lists active TCP sockets and states. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-NetIPAddress→ip addr show List IP addresses Shows IP addresses assigned to network interfaces. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-NetAdapter→ip link show List network adapters Shows network interfaces and link state. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-DnsClientServerAddress→resolvectl dns Show resolver DNS servers Prints DNS servers known to systemd-resolved. Open full guide → PowerShell Set-DnsClientServerAddress→nmcli con mod "CONNECTION" ipv4.dns "1.1.1.1" Set DNS resolver Sets DNS servers on a NetworkManager connection. Open full guide → Resolve-DnsName -Type TXT→dig TXT example.com Query TXT records Looks up TXT DNS records. Open full guide → Resolve-DnsName -Type MX→dig MX example.com Query MX records Looks up mail-exchanger DNS records. Open full guide → PowerShell Test-Connection→ping host Send ICMP echo requests Tests reachability with ICMP pings. Open full guide → Test-NetConnection -Port→nc -vz host 443 Test TCP port Checks whether a TCP port accepts connections. Open full guide → Test-NetConnection -TraceRoute→traceroute host Trace network route Shows hop-by-hop path to a target. Open full guide → portqry→nc -vz host port Query TCP port Tests if a remote TCP port is reachable. Open full guide → curl.exe -L→curl -L URL Follow redirects Downloads or requests a URL while following redirects. Open full guide → curl.exe -o→curl -L -o file URL Download URL to file Saves an HTTP response to a local file. Open full guide → Invoke-WebRequest -OutFile→curl -L -o file URL Download web file Downloads a URL to a specific output file. Open full guide → curl.exe headers→curl -I URL Show HTTP headers Requests only HTTP response headers. Open full guide → openssl TLS test→openssl s_client -connect host:443 -servername host Inspect TLS connection Connects to a TLS service and prints certificate details. Open full guide → pktmon start→sudo tcpdump -i any Capture packets Captures packets on all interfaces. Open full guide → pktmon stop→pkill tcpdump Stop packet capture Stops a running tcpdump process. Open full guide → nbtstat -A→nmblookup -A IP Query NetBIOS name table Looks up NetBIOS names for a host. Open full guide → net view \server→smbclient -L //server -U user List SMB shares Lists shares exposed by an SMB server. Open full guide → net use Z: \server\share→sudo mount -t cifs //server/share /mnt/share -o username=user Mount SMB share Mounts a Windows/Samba share into the Linux filesystem. Open full guide → net use Z: /delete→sudo umount /mnt/share Unmount SMB share Unmounts a mounted SMB/CIFS share. Open full guide → net share→net usershare list List Samba user shares Lists Samba user shares on Linux. Open full guide → mstsc→xfreerdp /v:HOST /u:USER Remote desktop client Connects to an RDP server from Linux. Open full guide → tasklist /svc→ps -eo pid,comm,args List processes and services Shows processes with command names and arguments. Open full guide → tasklist /v→ps auxww Verbose process list Shows detailed process information without truncating commands. Open full guide → tasklist /fi imagename→pgrep -a PROCESS Filter process list Finds running processes matching a name. Open full guide → taskkill /f /im→pkill -9 PROCESS Force-kill process by name Terminates matching processes with SIGKILL. Open full guide → taskkill /pid /t→pkill -TERM -P PID Kill child processes Signals child processes under a parent PID. Open full guide → wmic process call create→nohup command >/tmp/command.log 2>&1 & Start detached process Starts a process that survives terminal logout. Open full guide → start command→command & Start background process Runs a command in the background. Open full guide → start /affinity→taskset -c 0,1 command Run process on CPU cores Sets CPU affinity for a command. Open full guide → start /realtime→sudo chrt -f 99 command Run with real-time priority Starts a command with real-time scheduler priority. Open full guide → wmic process get commandline→ps -p PID -o args= Show process command line Displays the full command used to start a process. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Process -Id→ps -p PID -f Show process by PID Shows details for one process ID. Open full guide → PowerShell Wait-Process→tail --pid=PID -f /dev/null Wait for process exit Blocks until a process exits. Open full guide → Get-Counter→vmstat 1 Show live system counters Prints live CPU, memory and IO counters. Open full guide → resmon→btop Interactive resource monitor Opens an interactive process and resource monitor. Open full guide → procdump→coredumpctl dump PID Dump process core Retrieves a coredump for debugging where coredumpd is active. Open full guide → handle.exe→lsof file Show process using file Lists processes with an open handle to a file. Open full guide → listdlls→pmap PID Show process memory mappings Shows mapped libraries and memory regions for a process. Open full guide → sc start→sudo systemctl start SERVICE Start service Starts a systemd service. Open full guide → sc stop→sudo systemctl stop SERVICE Stop service Stops a systemd service. Open full guide → sc restart equivalent→sudo systemctl restart SERVICE Restart service Restarts a systemd service. Open full guide → sc qc→systemctl cat SERVICE Show service configuration Prints a systemd unit file and drop-ins. Open full guide → sc config→sudo systemctl edit SERVICE Edit service override Creates or edits a systemd override file. Open full guide → sc failure→sudo systemctl edit SERVICE Configure service restart policy Sets Restart= behavior in a systemd override. Open full guide → sc query state= all→systemctl list-units --type=service --all List all services Lists loaded active and inactive services. Open full guide → net start service→sudo systemctl start SERVICE Start named service Starts a system service. Open full guide → net stop service→sudo systemctl stop SERVICE Stop named service Stops a system service. Open full guide → services.msc startup type disabled→sudo systemctl disable --now SERVICE Disable startup service Stops a service now and prevents future autostart. Open full guide → system event log filter→journalctl -p warning..alert Show warning and error logs Filters system logs by priority. Open full guide → Event Viewer current boot→journalctl -b Show current boot logs Prints journal entries for the current boot. Open full guide → Event Viewer follow log→journalctl -f Follow system logs Streams new journal entries live. Open full guide → Event Viewer service log→journalctl -u SERVICE -f Follow service logs Streams logs for a specific systemd service. Open full guide → schtasks /query→systemctl list-timers --all List scheduled tasks Lists systemd timers and their next run times. Open full guide → schtasks /create→systemd-run --on-calendar="*-*-* 02:00" command Create scheduled task Creates a transient scheduled systemd job. Open full guide → schtasks /delete→systemctl disable --now TIMER.timer Disable scheduled task Stops and disables a timer unit. Open full guide → shutdown /r /t 0→sudo reboot Restart computer Reboots the system immediately. Open full guide → shutdown /s /t 0→sudo poweroff Shut down computer Powers off the system immediately. Open full guide → shutdown /a→sudo shutdown -c Cancel shutdown Cancels a pending shutdown request. Open full guide → net user username /delete→sudo userdel -r username Delete user account Removes a local user and optionally their home directory. Open full guide → net localgroup group /add→sudo groupadd group Create group Creates a local Unix group. Open full guide → net localgroup group user /delete→sudo gpasswd -d user group Remove user from group Deletes a user membership from a group. Open full guide → net user username password→sudo passwd username Change user password Sets or changes a local user password. Open full guide → net user username /expires→sudo chage -E YYYY-MM-DD username Set account expiry Sets an expiration date for a user account. Open full guide → net accounts /maxpwage→sudo chage -M DAYS username Set password maximum age Configures password aging for a local account. Open full guide → whoami /all→id && sudo -l Show identity and privileges Shows user/group IDs and sudo privileges. Open full guide → whoami /user→id -un Show current username Prints the current user name. Open full guide → whoami /groups→id Show group memberships Shows current user and group IDs. Open full guide → whoami /priv→sudo -l Show elevated privileges Lists allowed sudo commands for the current user. Open full guide → auditpol /get→sudo auditctl -s Show audit status Displays Linux audit subsystem status. Open full guide → auditpol /set→sudo auditctl -w /path -p wa -k KEY Add audit watch Creates an audit rule for file writes/attribute changes. Open full guide → secpol.msc password policy→chage -l username Inspect password aging Shows password-aging settings for a user. Open full guide → certmgr.msc→trust list List trusted certificates Lists trusted certificate anchors where p11-kit trust is used. Open full guide → certutil -verify→openssl verify -CAfile ca.pem cert.pem Verify certificate Checks a certificate against a CA file. Open full guide → cipher /e→gpg -c file Encrypt file symmetrically Encrypts a file with a passphrase using GnuPG. Open full guide → cipher /d→gpg -d file.gpg > file Decrypt file Decrypts a GPG-encrypted file. Open full guide → manage-bde -status→sudo cryptsetup status mapper_name Check encrypted volume Shows status for a LUKS mapping. Open full guide → manage-bde -unlock→sudo cryptsetup open /dev/sdXn mapper_name Unlock encrypted volume Opens a LUKS encrypted block device. Open full guide → manage-bde -lock→sudo cryptsetup close mapper_name Lock encrypted volume Closes a LUKS encrypted mapping. Open full guide → ssh-keygen on Windows→ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "you@example.com" Create SSH key Generates an Ed25519 SSH key pair. Open full guide → ssh-add on Windows→ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Load SSH key into agent Adds a private key to the SSH authentication agent. Open full guide → Get-AuthenticodeSignature→gpg --verify file.sig file Verify file signature Verifies a detached GPG signature. Open full guide → sigcheck→debsums Verify installed package files Checks installed files against package checksums. Open full guide → netsh advfirewall show allprofiles→sudo Show firewall status Displays firewall state and active rules. Open full guide → netsh advfirewall firewall add rule→sudo Add firewall allow rule Allows inbound traffic to a port. Open full guide → netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off→sudo Disable firewall Disables the firewall frontend. Open full guide → wf.msc→gufw Open graphical firewall Opens a graphical firewall frontend when installed. Open full guide → chmod numeric mode→chmod 755 file Set numeric permissions Sets Unix permissions using octal mode. Open full guide → chmod symbolic mode→chmod u+x script.sh Set symbolic permissions Adds or removes permission bits symbolically. Open full guide → chgrp→sudo chgrp group file Change file group Changes group ownership. Open full guide → umask→umask 027 Set default permissions mask Controls default permissions for newly created files. Open full guide → visudo→sudo visudo Safely edit sudoers Edits sudo policy with syntax checking. Open full guide → passwd -l→sudo passwd -l username Lock password login Locks a user password. Open full guide → passwd -u→sudo passwd -u username Unlock password login Unlocks a user password. Open full guide → getcap→getcap -r / 2>/dev/null List file capabilities Shows Linux file capabilities. Open full guide → setcap→sudo setcap cap_net_bind_service=+ep /path/to/bin Grant file capability Gives a binary a specific kernel capability. Open full guide → ver→uname -r Show kernel version Prints the running Linux kernel release. Open full guide → tzutil /g→timedatectl show --property=Timezone --value Show timezone Prints the configured system timezone. Open full guide → tzutil /s→sudo timedatectl set-timezone Region/City Set timezone Changes the system timezone. Open full guide → control timedate.cpl→timedatectl Show time settings Displays time, timezone and NTP sync settings. Open full guide → intl.cpl→localectl status Show locale settings Displays system locale and keyboard settings. Open full guide → PowerShell Set-TimeZone→sudo timedatectl set-timezone Region/City Set timezone from shell Changes system timezone from the terminal. Open full guide → sfc /scannow→debsums Verify system package files Checks installed package files against package metadata. Open full guide → DISM RestoreHealth→sudo Reinstall damaged package files Linux repair usually means verifying and reinstalling affected packages. Open full guide → driverquery→lspci -k Show hardware drivers Lists PCI devices and active kernel drivers. Open full guide → pnputil /enum-drivers→lsmod List loaded drivers/modules Lists loaded Linux kernel modules. Open full guide → pnputil /disable-device→sudo modprobe -r MODULE Unload driver module Removes a kernel module when possible. Open full guide → powercfg /a→cat /sys/power/state Show supported sleep states Lists sleep states exposed by the kernel. Open full guide → powercfg /energy→sudo powertop Analyze power usage Opens a power diagnostics tool. Open full guide → powercfg /hibernate off→sudo systemctl mask hibernate.target hybrid-sleep.target Disable hibernation targets Masks hibernate-related systemd targets. Open full guide → bcdedit /enum→bootctl Show boot configuration Shows systemd-boot status where systemd-boot is used. Open full guide → bcdedit /set default→sudo grub-set-default 0 Set default boot entry Sets the default GRUB boot entry. Open full guide → msconfig boot→systemctl get-default Show default boot target Shows the default systemd target. Open full guide → msconfig safe boot→sudo systemctl set-default rescue.target Set rescue target Configures boot into rescue mode. Open full guide → wmic logicaldisk get size→df -h Show disk free space Displays filesystem usage in human-readable units. Open full guide → fsutil fsinfo drives→lsblk List block devices Lists disks, partitions and block devices. Open full guide → fsutil fsinfo volumeinfo→findmnt -no SOURCE,FSTYPE,OPTIONS / Show mounted volume info Shows source device, filesystem and mount options. Open full guide → mountvol /l→findmnt List mounted filesystems Lists current mount points. Open full guide → diskpart list disk→lsblk -d -o NAME,SIZE,MODEL List physical disks Shows disk devices and models. Open full guide → diskpart list volume→lsblk -f List volumes/filesystems Shows partitions with filesystems and UUIDs. Open full guide → diskpart assign letter→sudo mount /dev/sdXn /mnt Mount filesystem Mounts a filesystem at a directory. Open full guide → diskpart remove letter→sudo umount /mnt Unmount filesystem Unmounts a mounted filesystem. Open full guide → defrag /L→sudo fstrim -av Trim SSD filesystems Runs discard/TRIM on mounted filesystems that support it. Open full guide → winsat disk→fio --name=test --filename=testfile --size=1G --rw=readwrite Benchmark disk Runs a configurable disk benchmark with fio. Open full guide → wmic diskdrive get model→lsblk -d -o NAME,MODEL,SIZE Show disk model Prints disk model and size. Open full guide → chkdsk /f→sudo fsck -f /dev/sdXn Force filesystem check Checks and repairs a filesystem while unmounted. Open full guide → chkdsk /r→sudo badblocks -sv /dev/sdX Scan for bad blocks Scans a block device for bad sectors. Open full guide → format /q→sudo mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdXn Quick format filesystem Creates a new filesystem on a partition. Open full guide → cipher /w free space→sudo zerofree /dev/sdXn Zero free space Zeros unused blocks on a supported unmounted filesystem. Open full guide → systeminfo CPU→lscpu Show CPU details Displays CPU architecture, cores and flags. Open full guide → systeminfo memory→free -h Show memory usage Shows RAM and swap usage. Open full guide → wmic memorychip capacity→sudo dmidecode -t memory Show memory modules Displays DIMM slot and module information. Open full guide → dxdiag display→glxinfo -B Show graphics renderer Displays OpenGL renderer and driver information. Open full guide → Reliability Monitor→journalctl -p err -b Show current boot errors Lists error-level log entries for current boot. Open full guide → winget show→apt Show package details Displays repository package metadata. Open full guide → winget source list→grep List package sources Lists configured package repositories. Open full guide → winget source reset→sudo Refresh package metadata Refreshes package repository metadata. Open full guide → winget export→apt-mark Export installed package list Saves a list of manually installed packages. Open full guide → winget import→xargs Install packages from list Installs packages from a saved package list. Open full guide → winget pin add→sudo Hold package version Prevents a package from being upgraded automatically. Open full guide → winget pin remove→sudo Remove package hold Allows a package to upgrade again. Open full guide → choco install→sudo Install package Installs software from distro repositories. Open full guide → choco upgrade all→sudo Upgrade all packages Updates the installed system packages. Open full guide → choco list --local-only→apt List installed packages Shows installed packages. Open full guide → choco info→apt Show package info Shows package metadata from repositories. Open full guide → choco uninstall→sudo Uninstall package Removes an installed package. Open full guide → Programs and Features list→apt List installed software Lists packages installed through the system package manager. Open full guide → Programs and Features uninstall→sudo Remove installed software Uninstalls software managed by the package manager. Open full guide → msiexec repair→sudo Repair installed package Reinstalls package files from the repository. Open full guide → msiexec quiet install→sudo Non-interactive install Installs package without interactive prompts where supported. Open full guide → dpkg list files equivalent→dpkg List package files Shows files installed by a package. Open full guide → find package owning file→dpkg Find owner package Finds which package installed a file. Open full guide → show package dependencies→apt-cache Show package dependencies Displays direct package dependencies. Open full guide → remove unused dependencies→sudo Remove orphaned dependencies Cleans packages installed only as dependencies. Open full guide → clean package cache→sudo Clean package cache Deletes downloaded package cache files. Open full guide → list package updates→apt List available upgrades Shows packages that can be upgraded. Open full guide → install local package file→sudo Install local package file Installs a downloaded local package file. Open full guide → install Flatpak app→flatpak install flathub APP_ID Install Flatpak app Installs a sandboxed desktop application from Flathub. Open full guide → update Flatpak apps→flatpak update Update Flatpak apps Updates installed Flatpak applications. Open full guide → list Flatpak apps→flatpak list List Flatpak apps Lists installed Flatpak applications. Open full guide → remove Flatpak app→flatpak uninstall APP_ID Remove Flatpak app Uninstalls a Flatpak application. Open full guide → snap install→sudo Install Snap package Installs software from Snap Store where snapd is enabled. Open full guide → snap list→snap list List Snap packages Lists installed Snap packages. Open full guide → snap remove→sudo snap remove PACKAGE Remove Snap package Uninstalls a Snap package. Open full guide → help command→man command Open command manual Shows the manual page for a command. Open full guide → command /?→command --help Show command help Prints built-in command help when supported. Open full guide → where /r→find /path -name "name" Search recursively for file Finds files by name under a directory tree. Open full guide → color→printf "\033[32mgreen\033[0m\n" Print colored terminal text Uses ANSI escape sequences for terminal color. Open full guide → prompt→export PS1="\u@\h:\w\$ " Set shell prompt Changes the shell prompt format. Open full guide → chcp→locale charmap Show terminal encoding Displays the active character encoding. Open full guide → mode con→stty -a Show terminal settings Displays terminal line discipline settings. Open full guide → doskey /macros→alias List shell aliases Lists defined aliases. Open full guide → doskey macro=value→alias name="command" Create command alias Creates a temporary shell alias. Open full guide → %USERNAME%→echo "$USER" Show username variable Prints the current username environment variable. Open full guide → %USERPROFILE%→echo "$HOME" Show home directory variable Prints the current user home directory. Open full guide → %TEMP%→echo "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}" Show temp directory Prints the temporary directory path. Open full guide → setx PATH→echo "export PATH="$PATH:/new/path"" >> ~/.bashrc Persist PATH change Adds a PATH modification to a shell startup file. Open full guide → call script.bat→source script.sh Run script in current shell Sources a shell script so it can modify current shell state. Open full guide → start cmd /c→bash -c "command" Run command string Executes a command through Bash. Open full guide → choice→read -r -p "Continue? [y/N] " answer Prompt for choice Reads an interactive answer from the user. Open full guide → timeout /nobreak→sleep 10 Wait for seconds Pauses script execution for a number of seconds. Open full guide → for /r→find . -type f -exec command {} \; Loop files recursively Runs a command for each matching file under a tree. Open full guide → forfiles→find . -mtime +7 -exec rm {} \; Run command on matched files Finds files by criteria and runs a command on them. Open full guide → dir | find→command | grep "pattern" Pipe output to search Sends command output to a text filter. Open full guide → && operator→command1 && command2 Run next command on success Runs the second command only if the first succeeds. Open full guide → || operator→command1 || command2 Run fallback command Runs the second command only if the first fails. Open full guide → > redirection→command > file Redirect stdout Writes command output to a file. Open full guide → 2> redirection→command 2> errors.log Redirect stderr Writes error output to a file. Open full guide → 2>&1 redirection→command > all.log 2>&1 Merge stdout and stderr Writes normal and error output to the same file. Open full guide → & command separator→command1; command2 Run commands sequentially Runs commands one after another regardless of success. Open full guide → %1 batch argument→echo "$1" First script argument Reads the first positional parameter in a shell script. Open full guide → %* batch arguments→printf "%s\n" "$@" All script arguments Expands all positional arguments safely. Open full guide → %~dp0 script directory→cd "$(dirname "$0")" Script directory Changes to the directory containing the script. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Command→command -v name Find command path Checks whether a command exists and where it resolves. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Help→man command Read command help Opens the manual page for a command. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Date→date Show date and time Prints current date and time. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Random→shuf -i 1-100 -n 1 Generate random number Prints a random number from a range. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-ComputerInfo→hostnamectl && uname -a Show computer information Shows host, OS and kernel details. Open full guide → PowerShell Clear-History→history -c Clear shell history Clears the current shell history list. Open full guide → PowerShell $env:PATH→echo "$PATH" Show PATH variable Prints the executable search path. Open full guide → PowerShell $env:USERPROFILE→echo "$HOME" Show home directory Prints the Linux home directory variable. Open full guide → PowerShell New-TemporaryFile→mktemp Create temp file Creates a safely named temporary file. Open full guide → PowerShell Start-Sleep→sleep 5 Pause execution Sleeps for a number of seconds. Open full guide → PowerShell Read-Host→read -r variable Read user input Reads a line of input from the terminal. Open full guide → PowerShell Write-Host→printf "%s\n" "text" Print text Writes text to standard output. Open full guide → PowerShell Start-Job→command & Start background job Runs a command in the background. Open full guide → PowerShell Get-Job→jobs List shell jobs Lists background jobs in the current shell. Open full guide → PowerShell Receive-Job→wait %1 Wait for background job Waits for a background job to complete. Open full guide → PowerShell Stop-Job→kill %1 Stop background job Stops a shell background job. Open full guide → PowerShell Invoke-RestMethod→curl -s URL | jq . Call JSON API Fetches an API response and parses JSON. Open full guide → PowerShell New-Guid→uuidgen Generate UUID Creates a new UUID/GUID. Open full guide → PowerShell Test-Json→jq empty file.json Validate JSON Checks that JSON parses successfully. Open full guide → PowerShell Compress-Archive folder→zip -r archive.zip folder Compress folder Creates a zip archive from a directory tree. Open full guide → PowerShell Expand-Archive file→unzip archive.zip Extract zip archive Extracts a zip archive. Open full guide → git status on Windows→git status Show Git working tree status Shows changed, staged and untracked files in a repository. Open full guide → git clone on Windows→git clone URL Clone Git repository Downloads a repository into a new local directory. Open full guide → git add on Windows→git add path Stage changes Stages file changes for the next commit. Open full guide → git commit on Windows→git commit -m "message" Create Git commit Records staged changes in repository history. Open full guide → git push on Windows→git push Push Git commits Uploads local commits to the configured remote. Open full guide → git pull on Windows→git pull --ff-only Pull Git changes Fetches and fast-forwards from the remote branch. Open full guide → git log on Windows→git log --oneline --graph --decorate Show Git history Displays compact commit history. Open full guide → git diff on Windows→git diff Show unstaged Git changes Displays line changes not yet staged. Open full guide → git branch on Windows→git branch -a List Git branches Lists local and remote branches. Open full guide → git switch on Windows→git switch BRANCH Switch Git branch Moves the working tree to another branch. Open full guide → git stash on Windows→git stash push -m "work in progress" Stash Git changes Temporarily shelves uncommitted changes. Open full guide → git remote on Windows→git remote -v Show Git remotes Lists configured repository remotes. Open full guide → Visual Studio build tools make→make Run Makefile build Executes build rules from a Makefile. Open full guide → MSBuild equivalent simple project→cmake --build build Build CMake project Builds an already configured CMake build directory. Open full guide → cmake configure on Windows→cmake -S . -B build Configure CMake project Generates build files in a separate build directory. Open full guide → ninja build on Windows→ninja -C build Run Ninja build Builds a project with Ninja. Open full guide → cl.exe compile C→gcc main.c -o app Compile C program Compiles a C source file into an executable. Open full guide → where python→python3 --version Check Python version Prints the installed Python version. Open full guide → py -m venv→python3 -m venv .venv Create Python virtual environment Creates an isolated Python environment. Open full guide → pip install on Windows→python3 -m pip install PACKAGE Install Python package Installs a Python package into the active environment. Open full guide → pip freeze on Windows→python3 -m pip freeze List Python packages Prints installed Python packages and versions. Open full guide → pipx install on Windows→pipx install PACKAGE Install Python CLI app Installs a Python command-line app in an isolated environment. Open full guide → node --version on Windows→node --version Check Node.js version Prints Node.js version. Open full guide → npm install on Windows→npm install Install project dependencies Installs dependencies from package.json. Open full guide → npm install -g on Windows→npm install -g PACKAGE Install global npm package Installs a global Node.js CLI package. Open full guide → npx on Windows→npx PACKAGE Run npm package command Runs an npm package binary without permanent global install. Open full guide → go version on Windows→go version Check Go version Prints Go toolchain version. Open full guide → go build on Windows→go build ./... Build Go packages Builds Go packages in the current module. Open full guide → go test on Windows→go test ./... Run Go tests Runs Go tests recursively. Open full guide → cargo version on Windows→cargo --version Check Cargo version Prints Rust Cargo version. Open full guide → cargo build on Windows→cargo build Build Rust project Builds a Rust package. Open full guide → cargo test on Windows→cargo test Run Rust tests Runs Rust project tests. Open full guide → java -version on Windows→java -version Check Java runtime Prints Java runtime version. Open full guide → javac on Windows→javac Main.java Compile Java source Compiles a Java source file. Open full guide → mvn test on Windows→mvn test Run Maven tests Runs test phase for a Maven project. Open full guide → gradle build on Windows→gradle build Build Gradle project Runs a Gradle build. Open full guide → code . on Windows→code . Open VS Code in folder Opens the current folder in VS Code when installed. Open full guide → notepad source file→nano file Edit text file in terminal Opens a text file in a terminal editor. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker ps→docker List running containers Lists currently running Docker containers. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker images→docker List container images Lists local Docker images. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker run→docker Run container Starts a container from an image. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker exec→docker Open shell in container Runs an interactive shell inside a running container. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker logs→docker Follow container logs Streams logs from a container. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker build→docker Build container image Builds an image from a Dockerfile. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker pull→docker Pull container image Downloads an image from a registry. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker compose up→docker compose up -d Start Compose stack Starts services from a compose file in the background. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker compose down→docker compose down Stop Compose stack Stops and removes Compose containers/network. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker compose logs→docker compose logs -f Follow Compose logs Streams logs from Compose services. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker volume ls→docker List Docker volumes Lists named Docker volumes. Open full guide → Docker Desktop docker network ls→docker List Docker networks Lists Docker networks. Open full guide → Docker Desktop system prune→docker Clean unused Docker data Removes unused containers, networks, images and cache. Open full guide → podman on Windows→podman ps List Podman containers Lists running Podman containers. Open full guide → podman run on Windows→podman run --rm IMAGE Run Podman container Runs a container with Podman. Open full guide → Hyper-V Get-VM→virsh list --all List virtual machines Lists libvirt virtual machines. Open full guide → Hyper-V Start-VM→virsh start VM Start virtual machine Starts a libvirt VM. Open full guide → Hyper-V Stop-VM→virsh shutdown VM Shutdown virtual machine Requests a graceful shutdown of a libvirt VM. Open full guide → Hyper-V checkpoint→virsh snapshot-create-as VM SNAPSHOT Create VM snapshot Creates a libvirt VM snapshot. Open full guide → VBoxManage list vms→VBoxManage list vms List VirtualBox VMs Lists registered VirtualBox virtual machines. Open full guide → Device Manager PCI devices→lspci List PCI devices Lists PCI hardware such as GPUs, network cards and controllers. Open full guide → Device Manager USB devices→lsusb List USB devices Lists connected USB devices. Open full guide → Device Manager tree→lshw -short Show hardware tree Summarizes hardware devices and classes. Open full guide → pnputil loaded modules→lsmod List loaded kernel modules Shows currently loaded Linux kernel modules. Open full guide → driver details→modinfo MODULE Show kernel module info Displays metadata and parameters for a kernel module. Open full guide → enable driver module→sudo modprobe MODULE Load kernel module Loads a Linux kernel module. Open full guide → disable driver module→sudo modprobe -r MODULE Unload kernel module Removes a loaded kernel module when not in use. Open full guide → Device Manager events→dmesg -w Follow kernel messages Streams kernel log messages live. Open full guide → Bluetooth settings→bluetoothctl Bluetooth control shell Pairs, trusts, connects and manages Bluetooth devices. Open full guide → airplane mode→rfkill list Show blocked radios Lists Wi-Fi and Bluetooth soft/hard block state. Open full guide → disable Wi-Fi radio→sudo rfkill block wifi Block Wi-Fi radio Soft-blocks Wi-Fi devices. Open full guide → enable Wi-Fi radio→sudo rfkill unblock wifi Unblock Wi-Fi radio Re-enables soft-blocked Wi-Fi devices. Open full guide → dxdiag GPU→glxinfo -B Show OpenGL GPU info Shows renderer, vendor and OpenGL driver details. Open full guide → vulkaninfo on Windows→vulkaninfo --summary Show Vulkan info Summarizes Vulkan devices and driver capabilities. Open full guide → nvidia-smi on Windows→nvidia-smi Show NVIDIA GPU status Shows NVIDIA driver, GPU utilization and memory usage. Open full guide → Display Settings identify→xrandr --listmonitors List monitors on X11 Lists connected monitors in X11 sessions. Open full guide → Display Settings resolution→xrandr Show display modes on X11 Shows connected displays and available modes. Open full guide → Wayland monitor info→kscreen-doctor -o Show KDE Wayland outputs Lists KDE display outputs and modes. Open full guide → sound settings devices→wpctl status Show PipeWire audio devices Lists PipeWire audio devices and streams. Open full guide → volume mixer→pavucontrol Open PulseAudio/PipeWire mixer Opens a graphical audio mixer. Open full guide → printer settings→lpstat -p -d Show printers Lists configured CUPS printers and default printer. Open full guide → add printer driver→sudo lpadmin -p PRINTER -E -v URI -m everywhere Add IPP printer Adds a modern driverless IPP printer. Open full guide → Device Manager udev info→udevadm info --query=all --name=/dev/DEVICE Show udev device info Displays udev properties for a device node. Open full guide → refresh udev rules→sudo udevadm control --reload-rules && sudo udevadm trigger Reload udev rules Reloads and applies udev rules. Open full guide →